Female Participation in the Labour Force

Female Participation in the Labour Force INTRODUCTION Female participation in the labor force has been a compelling issue throughout the history. It is also a very dynamic topic in all countries independent of that development level. It’s because, the place of women in work life can be considered as brand-new subject compared to that of men in all societies. Therefore, from 1980’s the states which are more classified as welfare states like Sweden, Norway and The Netherlands have been trying to implement some social policies in order to increase women participation in the labor force. In this paper, I would like to propose a study to find out the relation between female participation in the labor force and social policies implemented by states. My plan is more to focus on women’s point of views and their perception of family policies. More specifically, I am interested in mothers and what sort of influences that family policies have on mothers in terms of their participation in work life. The reason makes me sceptic about this issue is that family policies can have negative results on mothers which is considered as ‘’mommy track’’ in the literature. (Ejnà ¦s, 2011, p.242) [1] As I mentioned before both women studies and welfare state studies are new phenomena and there is barely a research especially on mothers and the consequences of the policies rather than type of policies. For this reason, I believe there is a lack in the literature that allows me to make a research on this crucial issue. If there is a significant relationship between female participation in the workforce and family policies done by state? Even though my starting point is thinking that these policies have negative results on women’s participation in labor force. In literature there is quite disagreement in interpreting policies’ results as good or bad. However, even current literature is rich about consequences of family policies, there is still lack of study which looks at the issue from mothers’ point of views. Hence, through this study I would like to contribute to literature while showing mother’s perception of family policies. The proposal begins with literature review. Second, it describes offered methodology and then finally I will elaborate what kind of further studies can be done depending this research. LITERATURE REVIEW Although traditional family structure, which encourages male participation in the labor force for breadwinning, is chancing recently, parenthood still has a huge negative effects on female. That is because women are still recognized as most important caregivers. Most of the time, the place of women has been fixed within the private sphere, in other words within their home life. Thus, literature of family policies’ effects on the labor force mostly focuses on women and especially mothers. As I mentioned above, despite the fact that researchers use the same subject for their research, there is a disagreement about how do they describe the effects of family policies. Now, I will summarize some important works which try to understand issue of family policies and its effects on the female participation in the labor market. OECD (2005) focuses on the consequences of policy reforms and policies that regulate female participation in the labor market. The author accepts the flexibility of working-time arrangements, family taxation, to support to maintenance and care of children as indicators of policies that affect female participation in the labor market. OECD claims that more flexible working-time causes more opportunity to access to part-time works for women increase female participation. Moreover, if second earners of home and single earners are taxed in the same way, it would be an increase in female labor force. In addition to that according to OECD findings childcare subsidies and parental leave promote female participation but there is a trick in parental leave if it is more than 20 weeks, it begins to create negative consequences on participation rate. On the other hand child benefit reduces women participation in the labor market after the birth. Basically, they claim that longer prental leave du ration and high child benefits lead to ‘sit back and earn’ idea in families. The author uses OECD’s database and analyze 17 OECD countries for panel data regression. (OECD, 2005) Mandel and Semyonov (2006) try to understand women participation in labor market and their occupational achievement among welfare state. They assumed that the state has two dimension; as a legislator and as an employer. For both two perspectives, they claimed that family policies in welfare states increase women participation in the workforce. However, this situation does not solve the problem of gender inequality and gender wage gap. Either women get paid with lower salaries because of their ‘excuse time’ or maternal leave is given one-sided which creates an unequal division of labor between father and mother to take care their babies. They analyze 22 countries and their findings depend on Welfare State Intervention Index and Luxemburg Ä °ncome Study. (Mandel Semyonov, 2006) Warnecke (2008) conduct a research about that although Spanish government try to regulate family policies such as maternal leave, child benefits and child provision, why there is a still lower female participation in the workforce. She claims that all social policies’ consequences differ in different countries and on different group of women in one country. In the Spain case; the maternal leave has a negative impact on mother’s decision about returning work force. That is because there is a social support for a traditional division of labor in Spain. Woman who uses maternal leave start to see her child as a main occupation and do not want to reenter her position in the worklife. The author uses one case study as a method for her study.(Warnecke, 2008) Another one case study analyzes Sweden. Evertsson and Duvander (2011) analyze Sweden because that there is flexibility about length of maternal leave. They claimed that if the length of the maternal leave, which is one of the most important family policy as they claim, is more than 3 years, women would become less willing to go back to their job. In addition to this, employers become skeptic about women’s productivity and work effort. Accordingly, even though some women want to go back to their job, they have hard times to find one and because of the less opportunity of finding a job, their salaries are considered as favour by employers and they are generally lower compared to male workers who are count as more constant and reliable for companies. (Evertson Duvander, 2011) Ejnà ¦s (2011) aims to show relationship between family policies and mothers’ choices between work and childcare and perceived occupational consequences of that choices. He analyzes maternal leave and child care in 5 different countries depending on Round 2 of the European Social Survey. He uses â€Å"multivariate logistic regression model† for his research. (Ejnà ¦s, 2011, p. 246) His findings show that long maternal leave policies discourage women to go back to their work but on the other side of the coin, short maternal leave and lack of child care force women to choose early return or unemployment. In the case of mother’s perception, long maternal leave and childcare provision reduce mothers’ negative feeling about their career. METHODOLOGY First of all, family policies and mothers’ perception of career are the main concepts in this research. Family policies aim to increase women participation to labor force and they are regulated by state. These policies try to regulate market itself by taxation or women’s participation to work force. In this research, I will use length of maternal leave as an indicator for family policies. That is because only maternal leave has direct effects on mothers’ daily life. In addition to that, generally, most of the researchers consider that maternal leave is the most important measure. (Henning, Gatermann, Hà ¤gglund, 2012) I will use OECD (2005) database for operating family policies. Another concept is mothers’ perception about their future and present career. I mean that I will research mothers’ feelings and opinion about their present and future career after the maternal leave. What are the effects of state policies on mothers’ subsequent lif e outcomes? I will use mothers’ feeling and opinions about that they whatever they will come back to labor market or not as an indicator. I will use my survey’s result for operating mothers’ perception. Secondly, my research question is the following: is there a relationship between the length of maternal leave and the perception of mothers’ about their career? Accordingly, my hypothesis is that there is a relationship between the length of maternal leave and the negative perception of mothers’ about their career. In this hypothesis, the length of the maternal leave is the dependent variable and mothers’ perception is the independent variable. I measure mothers’ perception in the nominal and ordinal level by doing survey. I use ratio level of measurement for length of maternal leave. I will use qualitative methods to conduct this research. That is because mothers’ perception about their career is an empirical variable. I mean that it is a human behavior and linked to how mothers feel and act. In addition to this, I want to show that deeper causes of mothers’ non-reenter in labor market and I will not use numerical and statistical variables for my research. This kind of variable is measured by qualitative methods. Although qualitative method is the most appropriate method for my research, there are some possible disadvantages. First of all, qualitative methods are more expensive from quantitative methods and it takes more time than other methods. Secondly, in qualitative methods, researches’ bias effect is inevitable but I try to reduce this effect by my research design which I you will show next paragraph. Finally, qualitative methods are not generalizable easily because it is not statistical. I will plan to conduct a survey. This survey should be a personal interview. My target of survey must be mothers who have at least one year work experience before having baby. That is because I want to eliminate mothers who have already no willingness about their future and present career. In addition to that, I will choose mothers that are in the decision making process about their career. This process corresponds to one month ago before that maternal leave is finished. Moreover, interviewers of my research should be women. That is because mothers are more comfortable about their feelings in front of their fellows. As I mentioned above, I have a target group for my research, so my sample must be non-probabilistic and it should be purposiveness. I want to choose sample groups through Austria, France, Denmark, and United State of America, Australia and United Kingdom. I choose first three of them because that they have the longest maternal leave process. I choose United State of Ameri ca, Australia and United Kingdom because that they have the shortest length of maternal leave. (OECD, 2005) After that for each country, I will try to access mothers who have at least one year work experience by using data from public employment offices or ministries of labor. Possible questions that the survey includes will try to figure out women’s perception with as little bias as possible. For instance, participants will be asked how much time they have spent at home just because to take care of their children. This question aims to understand that to what degree women have dependency to their homes and children. Subsequently, the participants will be asked some questions about family policies of their countries. Potential questions for this section would be: (1) How maternal leave affects your feeling and opinions about your business life? (2)Why do you work before having baby? (3) Does your children have any health problem? (4) Do you have any relatives who can help you about childcare? (5) What do you think about the length of maternal leave? (6) Do you think maternal leave changes your perception about your career? (7) Are you divorced/single parent? Question 3 and 4 aim to understand if mothers are not returning their work because of economic difficulties or not and the rest of the questions intend to focus on mothers’ perception and their psychological condition about maternal leave and working after birth. Finally, I want to discuss my measurements’ reliability and validity. It should be known that each respondent has different characteristics. This diversity might reduce our survey reliability. For making my survey is more reliable I will use split half method- designing the same question in different words to eliminate different characteristics of respondents. I assume that these qualitative questions combined with field work will give me consistent results about women’s perception of maternal leave and their participation in the labor force. CONCLUSION AND FURTHER RESEARCH TOPICS In this section, I will discuss further research question that would be asked based on my potential results. First of all, I am aware that even though women perception will give us a different angle while critising family policies of the states, the culture and family structures that women are part of are very influential on women decisions. For this reason, more anthropological researchs can be done to figure out the divergence of reentering decisions of women. Each country can be elaborated with their different cultural rituals and it can be seen that to what extend that particular culture fosters gender stratification. Secondly, I will conduct my research in country-level. But, it is possible that even within a country, the regions can affect policies, perceptions and opportunities of women to return the work life. Thus, regional-level survey may help us to see regional differences if there is any. Finally, I believe the most important aspect of my research is to be based on my main target group, mothers. Thus, in any case the attempt to understand mothers’ perception on maternal leave will be valuable for further researchs both culturally and politically. REFERENCES Ejnà ¦s, A. (2011). The Ä °mpact Of Family Policy And Career Ä °nterruptions Of The Negative Occupational Consequences of Full-Time Home Care. European Societies, 239-256. Evertson, M., Duvander, A.-Z. (2011). Parental Leave- Possibility or Trap? Does Family Leave Lenght Effect Swedish Womens Labour Market Opportunities? European Sociological Review, 435-450. Henning, M., Gatermann, D., Hà ¤gglund, A. E. (2012). Pros and Cons of Family Policies for Mothers Labour Market Participation . Ä °nternational Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 502-512. Mandel, H., Semyonov, M. (2006, may). A Welfare State Paradox: State Ä °nterventations and Womens Employment Opportunities in 22 Countries. American Journal Sociology, 1910-1949. OECD. (2005). Female Labour Force Participation: Past Trends and Main Determinants in OECD Countries. OECD ià §inde, Economic Policy Reforms 2005: Going for Growth (s. 161-174). OECD Publishing. Warnecke, T. L. (2008). Women as Wives, Mothers or Workers: How Welfare Eligibility Requirements Ä °nfluence Womens Labor Force Participation -A Case Study of Spain- . Journal of Economic Ä °ssues, 981-1004. [1] Ejnà ¦s citied this concept from Fraser,N., 1994,’After the family wage; Gender eqiuty adn the welfare state’, Political theory 22(4): 591-618

Capital Punishment :: essays research papers fc

Capital Punishment in America   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is capital punishment? The dictionary defines capital punishment as a noun that means putting a person to death. At the end of 2003 there were 3374 inmates at 37 state and federal prisons who were on death row. That number was an 188 decrease from the statistics in 2002. Forty-seven of theses inmates were female which was a thirty-eight increases from 1993.(Lacey, Bonner) Although the number of people on the death penalty decreased the number of females on death row increased. Of the 3374 prisoners on sentenced to the death penalty fifty-six percent were white, forty-two percent were black, and the remaining two percent were of other races.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Currently there are a total of nineteen states with the death penalty that do not allow the execution of juveniles. There are twelve states that to not allow the death penalty at all. Some of theses states included Alaska, Michigan, Vermont, and Maine. (Capital)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some states have a minimum age requirement for capital punishment. There are fourteen states that sixteen is the minimum age. Mississippi and Arkansas are among theses states. Florida is one of the states where the age requirement is seventeen. Tennessee along with eighteen other states and two federal jurisdictions has the minimum age requirement of eighteen.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tennessee is one of the states that allow the death penalty. Since 1976 there has only been one execution in Tennessee. However, prior to 1976 there were 335 executions. Currently of the 3374 people of death row 106 of them are in Tennessee with two of them being female. In Tennessee prisoners are given the option of serving life in prison without parole instead of the death penalty and execution.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are various methods of execution here in the United State of America. A prisoner can be executed by lethal injection, electrocution, lethal gas, firing squad, and hanging. Of theses methods lethal injection is the most used, preferred, easiest way of execution. Hanging is rarely used. Prisoners in Tennessee are mostly executed by lethal injections, and executions. As of March 16, 2005, there had already been twelve prisoners executed in the United States. All of these prisoners were males and executed by lethal injection.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many people who are against capital punishment. People say that the death penalty is like trying to fix a sin with a sin. If a person kills someone and the states feels like in order to punish the person they should be executed and put to death.

Young Apprentice Transcript

The Young Apprentice Transcript Question: How do the candidates try to save themselves from elimination? Key:(}) spoken at the same time. (1) seconds someone pauses for(. ) short pause| | Key SIR ALAN: You three (1) Lewis and you Harry and you Mohammed,   you were the mobile team, okay. Who was selling? { All three of you? } Harry:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  { All three of us } and (. ) we had kind of adopted a strategy where basically, we would each, individually try and find customers, sell to them {and } (interrupted) (? ) SA:    {So you didn’t   adopt their strategy} where you had one person doing the ice cream and one} coordinating?Lewis: I wanted to go forward for that but Harry was too focused on getting his own sales so he could have that big number next to his name. SA: Right, how was you doing it? You was actually selling and scooping yourself? L: {Yeah to be fair, Mohammed was very weak when (. ) Can you actually let me fin ish? } Mohammed: {I think, I think, I don’t think that was me, I was persistent, I was confident I was approaching the {customers} †¦. S. A: Could you send the three of them in please? Receptionist: Yes Lord Sugar. SA: Well er, gentlemen I’ve had a chat with Karen and Nick (. There are, er, few things that I’m a bit concerned about. I’ll start with you harry apart from your little stroke of genius of actually going from the static {stall} Harry: {hmm} SA: and actually going on the beach there as the project leader just tell me what you think your strategic role was here. H: I (. ) took a huge role in leading, in leading this team. No one was confident enough to step up to it but I did, people trusted me to lead and people trusted my decision- (interrupted by James) James:- Harry, I’m confused as to why { I’m here}S. A: (agreeing) No, I†¦ J: I was the man with the ideas, everything came from me. No one else suggested any ideas as re gards to the br, the branding at all. I came up with the concept, I came up with the name, I said we get a pirate costume and then throughout the sales I think that I was the one who pulled in most of the attraction. {I’ve accepted (? ) } (interrupted by SA) S. A: {Woah, woah, woah woah, hold on, hold on, hold on, hold on} you know, if you say things enough times you end up convincing yourself okay?Tell me about all of your ideas including dropping the price, er, to a {pound}.. J: (Trying to interrupt but fails){Well} SA: †¦ then think again about whether all of your ideas were that great. Don’t just pluck a few little things. J: No one else had any ideas. I came up with the idea to {call} (interrupted by SA) SA: {Harry, do you? } H: You cannot sit there and say that the whole meeting, you were discussing all the {ideas, and we were just sitting there, and were sitting there silently were we? I have a thing that} †¦M:   Ã‚  (tries to interrupt harry but fai ls and they speak together) {no, no, no, all he mentioned, actually, can I just say? All he mentioned, all, all} H:†¦ I don’t like about you James is you can’t accept when you’re wrong and I think you have to, have to take on, take on board that actually erm   through discussion we came to, came about these ideas to do this theme. M: I think it was James and me,{ I developed it, I developed it. Yes, yes, yeah} J: {no, no, no, I’m not happy with that, not happy with that} H: {How, how?Have you not heard about the deliveries? Have you not heard about the deliveries? Have you listened? } J: You came up with the idea to turn one of the, one the stalls into a treasure {chest} M: {yeah} J: after I came up with the idea, after I {named it. No, no, you didn’t Mohammed. You’re lying in boardroom} M: {No, no, no, I was the one who came up with the pirates, I was the one who came up with the costumes. I came up with the costumes and {he wants to take all the credit (2) no, no I chose it} J: {no you didn’t.I chose the pirate costumes and asked will anyone wear this and then no one, no one came up and I said} I will wear the pirate {costume}- (Harry talks at the same time at this point) M: {I was the one, I was the one, I was the one} (tries to interrupt James) H: {Lord Sugar} at the moment this is turning into a never ending list of Mohammed’s, of Mohammed’s achievements and it’s just not {founded, it’s completely unfounded} M:{no, no, no, no, I think, I think as a project manager}-( interrupted by SA) SA: Mohammed, Mohammed, let me give- can I give you my call on it?M: Yeah. SA: Ok, now take this in the nicest possible way. I don’t think that you could be responsible for everything good that went on in this task. It’s, it’s, it’s physically impossible. Okay? M: Yeah. SA: Forget about the pirate theme and this theme and what not, what else did you do? M: erm, I think, personally, I don’t well. I was making customers come to the stall, I was serving them, I was being polite, I was being confident that’s the reason why I think that on the, {on the paper, yeah I think} SA: {You sold ? 2 worth of stuff} M: {yeah, on pap-} SA: {? 62} worth of stuff. 10% , approximately of the sales and all I’m hearing from you is, you’ve taken, you’re taking the claim for everything good and what you would have done if you were the pr- pr – project manager and you didn’t. You had the chance to be a project manager and you didn’t put yourself forward. Right? M : nods SA: Listen, who should get fired? J: I think, Mohammed. SA: Why? J: Because, his contribution was nothing throughout the whole {task. } M: {no†¦ }

Entrepreneurship Is A Field Of Business - 1050 Words

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P rimarily most of the newer owners are younger guys who made most of their money in uncertain business deals that led to large profits. Thus, they are successful entrepreneurs who took their skills and prior knowledge and applied that to the NBA. On the other hand, older NBA owners provide an old school business approach, which is usually based off instincts and knowledge of the game. Therefore, the issue I will be discussing will regard owning a NBA team, which I will go in depth to talk about why theShow MoreRelatedThe International Business Field And The Entrepreneurship Field940 Words   |  4 Pagesthe effectiveness of new business venturing as well as small and medium size businesses. There are studies that think of international entrepreneurship as more of a common marvel than young ventures entering international markets and slight interest is dedicated to the entrepreneurial behavior of organizations once they first enter into international markets. 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Trifles, By Susan Glaspell Essay - 1469 Words

Susan Glaspell’s one-act play Trifles is based on the murder investigation of John Wright. Minnie Wright’s isolation and the death of her canary are the major factors that led to the murder of her husband. Glaspell stresses the perceived supremacy of males when investigating the murder by giving the men lead roles in the investigation and by making fun of the â€Å"trifles† that the women are choosing to observe. It is ironic because the ordinary items observed by the women were thought of as â€Å"trifles† to the men, but these items would have actually have aided in solving the murder case. Glaspell uses various forms of irony and symbolism to emphasize the dominance of men, Minnie Wright’s state of isolation, and many other key aspects of the murder in her play Trifles. The title of the play Trifles is used as a symbol to describe the way that women are viewed in the eyes of men. At the time of the play, males viewed women as trifles. Trifles are described as items that are of little importance or significance (Wakefield). The title could also be used as a symbol to signify the importance of the so-called â€Å"trifles† that the women were studying during the murder investigation. It is quite ironic because the common items observed my the women were thought to be useless to the men, while after combining further information about the murder investigation, these items would have been key to solving the case. Although they help Mrs. Wright by hiding any items that could haveShow MoreRelatedTrifles, By Susan Glaspell Essay2136 Words   |  9 Pagesprimarily of a domestic nature. Trifles by Susan Glaspell indicates that a man’s perspective is entirely different from a woman’s. The one-act play, Trifles, is a murder mystery wh ich examines the lives of rural, middle-aged, married, women characters through gender relationships, power between the sexes, and the nature of truth. 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This theme reflects upon the underlying message of the play, that women are not treated fairly and are not seen in the same light as men. Susan Glaspell demonstrates the common assumptions made by men towards women in terms of roles and degrading their value/insight. Throughout the play, Glaspell provides many instances to where a woman’s value or insight is degraded. Hale demonstrates thisRead MoreTrifles by Susan Glaspell604 Words   |  2 Pages Trifles by Susan Glaspell is a one-act play that explores the theme of the gender roles and social positions of men and women in early twentieth-century America. The play is loosely based on the true event of the murder of John Hossack which Glaspell reported on while working as a news journalist in Iowa. Years later, she used her experiences and observations to create the play. Trifles is about solving the murder case of farmer John Wright. While Mr. Wright was asleep in the night, someoneRead MoreTrifles, By Susan Glaspell1034 Words   |  5 Pagessay goes. The 1912 play Trifles, by Susan Glaspell, who was inspired to write this play from a story she covered as a reporter. A murder case is being held and authorities are getting down to it suspecting a woman of killing her husband in his sl eep. The character Mrs. Hale who is neighbors and friends with Mrs. Peters, the sheriff’s wife and Mrs. Wright, the woman accused of the murder of her Husband, Mr. Wright. The character Mrs. Hale, in the Susan Glaspell s play Trifles, is displayed as a empoweringRead MoreTrifles : Susan Glaspell s Trifles940 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is a trifle? A trifle is something that has little to no importance (dictionary.com). For instance, the color of your nails would be considered a trifle. In Trifles by Susan Glaspell, women are criticized and made fun of by men because of the little things they worry about, such as the color of their nails or their hair. This exhibits the gender role difference portrayed during the play’s time period. The central conflict is what the plot is centered around. In Trifles, the central conflictRead MoreSusan Glaspell s Trifles 1507 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Trifles† is a one act play written by Susan Glaspell in 1916, which was firs t performed on August 8th by the Provincetown Players in Provincetown, Massachusetts at the Wharf Theater. The author, Susan Glaspell, was born on July 1, 1876 in Davenport, Iowa. Over her lifetime she had become proficient in many different professions: Playwright, Actress, Novelist, and Journalist. For her works, she won an American Pulitzer Prize in 1931. The Provincetown Players was founded by Susan Glaspell and herRead MoreSusan Glaspell s Trifles 1732 Words   |  7 PagesSusan Glaspell (1876-1948) was an American-born Pulitzer Prize winning writer of both plays and fiction. Glaspell came from humble beginnings and went on to study at Drake University and the University of Chicago. Much of Glaspell s work dealt with the relationships between men and women and the negative effects they have on women. In Glaspell s play Trifles, it is revealed that the operations of patriarchy are just an illusion that men have created to make themselves feel superior to womenRead MoreTrifl es by Susan Glaspell Essay1253 Words   |  6 Pages Susan Glaspell’s most memorable one-act play, Trifles (1916) was based on murder trial case that happened in the 1900’s. Glaspell worked as a reporter, where she appointed a report of a murder case. It was about a farmer, John Hossack who was killed while he was asleep in bed one night. His wife claimed that she was asleep next to him when the attack occurred. No one believed in her statement, she was arrested and was charged on first degree murder. In Trifles, the play takes place at an abandonRead MoreSusan Glaspell s Trifles 1205 Words   |  5 Pagesreporters, Susan Glaspell, decided to write a literary version of this investigation and â€Å"Trifles† came to be. Susan Glaspell is a feminist writer from Davenport, Iowa who started off writing for a newspaper called Des Moines Daily News. Later on her literary career she left the journalism industry and founded a theatrical organization called ‘Provincetown Players’ on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. In Trifles, Glaspell covers issues regarding female oppression and patriarchal domination. Susan Glaspell’s

The 9th Ward The African American’s Struggle in The Wake...

In the wake of natural disasters, the minorities of America are down the pecking order in the government’s list of priorities. Specifically seen in the African-American people, the government fails to provide speedy response time, supplies and other aid, as well as providing substantial compensation for the families devastated by disasters, which could have been preventable or deterred from causing more havoc. In many cases, the African-American people were exposed to poor living conditions, living in undesirable areas, and a lack of wealth, education, and preventative warnings of oncoming disasters. This can be seen in the cases of the 1900 great hurricane of Galveston, Texas and the 1995 Chicago Heat Wave, but the greatest example of†¦show more content†¦The 17th street Levee, located along the Lower Ninth Ward was breached, causing most of the flooding in New Orleans. National Public Radio reported that many investigators are finding that the breaches of the London Avenue Canal and the 17th Street Canal were caused by severe engineering flaws. The same walls both failed when the water rose only about half way up the wall, proving that the levees were poorly constructed in the Ninth Ward (npr.org). Bob Bea is an engineer and professor at the University of California, Berkeley, and was given the task by the National Science Foundation to find the cause of the breaching of the levees. According the Bea, the levees had a weak enough layer underground to allow the levees to break. The Army Corps, who are responsible for building the hurricane-protection system of New Orleans, require that floodwalls be created 30% stronger than what the minimum amount requires to hold back water. By the Army Corps guidelines, they are also required that the underlying soil is weaker than what tests show, usually in the bottom third of the original measurement (npr.org). The culprit to the breaching of the wall was a weak layer of clay that had no possibility of ho lding back Katrina. How could the Army Corps engineers miss such an area? It is very reasonable that the overseeing of theShow MoreRelatedFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pagessuch as the collapse of large banks and crew that understands the strategy and can insurance companies, can seemingly come out of nowhere. The challenges adapt quickly to the unpredictable have been coming fast and furious recently as organizations struggle to environment. adjust strategy in the face of a tumbling stock market, widespread layoffs, bankruptcies of companies once considered to be icons in their industries, an increasingly global environment, changes brought by a new U.S. president, and

Plural executive branch free essay sample

Arizona has a plural executive. Identify each of the constitutional officers included in Arizona’s plural executive in order of succession, as well as the two positions not included in succession. Finally, choose one position and explain at least two of the position’s duties and how the position could affect your daily life. A plural executive branch means that no single person has all the power and all officials are elected to their position. Most states have this process which differs from the country as a whole who only one has elected official, the president, and then appointed officials to support him/her. There elected members of the Arizona executive branch in order of succession are the governor, secretary of state, attorney general, treasurer, and superintend of public instruction. There are two positions that are also elected offices but not included in succession. Those two offices are the state mine inspector and the state corporation commission which is made up of five people. The governor is the first among the equal elected officials and is assigned many powers by the constitution and is expected to be a stronger leader who effectively manages the state’s needs. One responsibility of â€Å"the governor is to be the official representative of the state to the nation and to the other states. † (Gawronski, 2010) This means that the governor is the face of the state and must represent the state to the national level. This can have an effect on the people that live within the state in a good and bad way. For example when Governor Brewer signed SB1070 it was thought by the rest of the nation that the majority of Arizona’s citizens were racist, this was a direct and misunderstand reflection of our Governor and state at a national and international level. People jumped to conclusions before understand what the SB1070 was trying to do. Our governor felt that since the National Government wasn’t holding to their federal laws that we as a state had to take matter into our own hands to help protect our state, law enforcement and neighborhoods from the drug cartels and smuggling of drugs. Governor Brewer’s responsibility to represent the state to the nation was tested by this example in a lot of ways due to the extreme response signing the bill got her. Another responsibility that the governor has is the power to appoint public officials. This directly affects the agencies, boards, and commission in the state. Some examples of the state agencies, that the Governor can appoint public officials to are DOC, DES, DOT, DHS, revenue, etc. Some of the boards that the governor can appoint public officials are cosmetology, education, nursing, etc. This can have an effect on many Arizona citizen’s. For example my husband is a PE Teacher, if the governor appoints a public official who does not see the importance of physical education being taught to our youth then my husband could potentially be out of a job. I have my license in cosmetology and if the governor were to appoint a public official that believes anyone with a cosmetology license must be practicing or cannot hold their license any longer that would take away the back security I have if I were ever to lose my job. Even though in a plural executive branch all the elected officials are seen as equals, the Governor is the first among those equals and probably hold the most responsibility. The responsibilities are pretty well divided but the Governor is the only elected official who has to represent the state on a national level. Reference Gawronski, D. (2010). An introduction to arizona history and government. (10 ed. ). Boston, MA: Pearson Learning Solutions. 2. Executive branch members are minimally required to be at least 25 years old, 10-year citizens of the United States, and 5-year Arizona residents. Only two offices have further requirements. Describe the additional qualifications for these offices and briefly state whether you believe the current qualifications for members of the plural executive are sufficient. A successful answer will explain why executive qualifications were originally made so broad and whether this same perspective is still useful today. In order for an individual to become an elected official on the executive branch there are some specific requirements that must be met. The individual must be 25 years of age or older, are a 10 year citizen of the United State and a 5 year resident of Arizona. There are two offices that require further requirements, they are the attorney general and the state mine inspector. The attorney general is required to meet all the minimum requires as well as two additional requirements. One of the additional requirements is that the attorney general has to be qualified and admitted to the practice of law before the Arizona Supreme Court. This means that the individual elected to this office must have pasted the state boards for legal qualifications. Another additional requirement for the attorney general is that they cannot be in private practice during the term they are serving. These are two very important additional qualifications that the attorney general has to have. The citizens of the state would not want just anyone to be able to act as the attorney general. What if someone with no law qualifications was elected to office? They would not understand the duties of the job and what is legal, ethical and just. It is also important that the attorney general not be in private practice during the term they are serving because that could pose a conflict of interest in some cases. It can also be a distraction if the attorney general is in private practice they cannot fully devote their attention and time to the needs of the state job. The state mine inspector also has additional requirements that must be met before an individual can be elected to the office. The state mine inspector must be 30 years of age, have 7 years of prior underground mining experience and only has to be a resident of Arizona for 2 years. These are both important additional qualifications that must be met to be elected to the office. It’s important that the individual who is elected to this office have a significant amount of prior knowledge and experience in the mining industry before becoming the mine inspector. This knowledge will help the elected official know what are acceptable and unacceptable working conditions that pertain to the health and safety of the mine workers. It makes sense the age requirement be a bit older to make sure the elected official had the appropriate amount of experience in the field. The requirements for elected officials were originally made so board to centralize authority and keep the governor at the people’s control. The founding fathers wanted all people to have a voice and participation in the government actions this way people’s rights were protected. â€Å"They believed that anyone with average ability and with ordinary effort could perform the functions of most government offices. † (Gawronski, 2010) I believe that this thought and theory is still relevant today, but unfortunately doesn’t happen very often, when an average person is elected to an elected government office. Reference Gawronski, D. (2010). An introduction to arizona history and government. (10 ed. ). Boston, MA: Pearson Learning Solutions. 3. Describe the three levels of jurisdiction in Arizona. Explain what courts make up each level and create an example of the type of case that could be heard by each court. There are three levels of jurisdiction in Arizona; the limited jurisdiction courts, the general jurisdiction courts and the appellate courts. Each of the three levels of courts is limited on the types of cases that can be held and tried within that specific type of court. In the limited jurisdiction court level there are two different types of courts; Justice of the Peace Courts and Municipal Courts. In a Justice of the Peace Court the elected official does not have to be an attorney but must be 18 years of age, be a resident of the state, and an elector in the precinct elected in, and be able to read and write English. Once elected the Justice of Peace will service a term of 4 years. In a Justice of the Peace Court they types are trials one might see consist of disputes that are less than $10,000 including evictions and landlord and tenant disputes. They also hear preliminary hearings on felonies in cases of assault and battery and underage drinking. They also hear civil and criminal traffic violations. In the Municipal Courts the elected officials requirements are set by the individuals city’s charter; in some cities the judges are attorneys and in other’s they are not and in some cities the judges are appointed by the city council and serve a minimum of 2 years. Municipal Courts are also known as police courts since they are only able to try misdemeanors. In a Municipal Courts they types of trials that might be heard there can consist of a DUI, hit and run, or reckless driving where no serious injury occurred. The Superior Court of Arizona is the only general jurisdiction court. â€Å"It is a statewide trial court and is empowered to hear and decided a large variety of cases. † (Gawronski, 2010) The varieties of cases that may be heard in the general jurisdiction court include, matters of probate, actions to prevent or stop nuisances, and criminal cases amounting to a felony and misdemeanor cases not otherwise provided for by law. The requirements for a Superior Court judge must be 30 years of age, of good moral character, a resident of Arizona and admitted to the practice of law in Arizona for not less than 5 years. There are two types of appellate jurisdiction courts in Arizona the Supreme Court and the Court of Appeals. Both of these courts hear appeals of trials that have been filed in one of the lower level courts. Generally a case from the Superior Court that has been appealed will be heard and tried in the Court of Appeals. Cases in which the sentence is life imprisonment or the death penalty will be heard only in the Supreme Court of Arizona. To be appointed to the Court of Appeals, an elected official must meet the same requirements as those in the Superior Court but will serve a 6 year term. The Supreme Court is the highest level of court in the state of Arizona. In the Supreme Court a judge must be of good moral character, admitted to practice law in Arizona and a resident of the stat for 10 years prior to taking office. There are a total of 5 different types of courts in Arizona, all hearing and trying different levels of cases. All judges in these courts have requirements that must be met, however the requirements become more specific the higher the level of the court. This is because the higher the level of the court the higher level of seriousness the case will be in the court. Reference Gawronski, D. (2010). An introduction to arizona history and government. (10 ed. ). Boston, MA: Pearson Learning Solutions. 4. The merit selection system is used in the larger Arizona counties to select judges at the appellate and general jurisdiction levels. Explain how judges are nominated within this system and how a retention election works. In Maricopa and Pima county judges in the appellate and general jurisdiction levels are selected by a merit selection system and will be voted upon in a retention election within two years of being appointed. â€Å"Commissions on judicial appointments are the core of the merit selection system. † (Gawronski, 2010) There are three commissions that are responsible for making judicial appointments; one for the Superior Courts in Maricopa County, one for the Superior Courts in Pima County and one that appoints for the appellate courts. Each commission is made up of 16 individuals; 10 non-lawyers, 5 lawyers and the chief justice. When a vacancy occurs, nominations and applications are taken and then reviewed by the assigned commission. The commission then submits 3 names that are highly qualified to the Governor, and then the Governor appoints the next judge. After an initial two year term in office the appointed judge will be subject to a retention vote. This is where the appointed judges are place on a ballot and voters are given the power to remove or retain the judge that was appointed by the Governor. The merit selection and the retention elections are a way that the public can have a voice and a power to appoint and remove judges in the appellate and general jurisdiction levels of the Arizona courts. Though they may not have initially appointed a judge to serve because that is done through the merit selection process, after two year the voters have the chance to overturn that decision made through the retention election process. Reference Gawronski, D. (2010). An introduction to arizona history and government. (10 ed. ). Boston, MA: Pearson Learning Solutions. 5. The Arizona Commission on Judicial Performance Review and the Commission on Judicial Conduct are two of the major bodies created by Arizona voters to ensure that judges within the state are well monitored. Explain the role of each commission in maintaining judicial honesty within the court system. There are two major bodies created in Arizona to ensure that judges within the state are well monitored are the Arizona Commission on Judicial Performance Review and the Commission on Judicial Conduct. Each of the commissions is responsible for a different role in making sure the appointed judge are being held responsible and accountable for their actions, as well as gathering information on performance to deliver to the public. The Arizona Commission on Judicial Performance Review sets performance standards for judges, decides whether the judges are meeting the standards and reports their findings to the public for the judge is up for retention. These findings are published in a JRC report for voters to read so they can be educated when voting for judges on that appear on the ballot. The Judicial Conduct Commission acts on complaints that a judge has engaged in judicial misconduct in particular cases of situations. The primary job of the Judicial Commission is to make sure that judges are being ethical and being held accountable. This Commission even provides information on how to help judges stay ethical in their behavior. These two commissions gather information and hold each individual judge accountable to the importance of the job they hold. They provide information to the public voter to ensure they are educated and informed before they make a decision during a judge’s retention election. It is important for public to access and use this information to make sure they have an informed education before electing a judge to finish their term.