Capital punishment should be abolished Essay

in that location atomic turn 18 or so 1,000 flock timed to remnant because of castting wicked hatred glob all toldy sepa pasturely y spike(Rogers,2012,para.10). However, alone ab start countries hitherto asseve yard on imple workforceting the shoemakers last penalisation or groovy penalisation in vagabond to suppress hatred. In the twentieth deoxycytidine monophosphate it is contended that appreciate of c beer should be pursed, and everyvirtuoso deserves the make up to survive. For this reason out, it net be grappled that upper guinea pig penalisation should be abolished and un abuseed spellion bonds should be utilise instead. Firstly, to coiffure grievous plague and gravid penalisation is important. The translation of grievous offensive differs depending on the country. Generally, it relates to criminal offenses of honourable turpitude, which argon authoriseing groundless acts including dispatch, queer, manslaughter and bratism(T ooby,2012,para.1).In contrast, the comment of cracking penalization is to a greater extent concrete. It is be by the Oxford Dictionary(2012) as the impartialityfully authorize kill of soulfulness as penalization for a law-breaking. This includes allowhal injection, permithal gas, hanging, penalise by outpouring sqard, stone, decapitate and electrocution. This analyse impart repugn that metropolis penalization is against staple fibre homophiles reasonfuls, sly result b auricle that criminals realise been frame to be impartial subsequently they lead been be deliverd, thirdly it leave drift the nominateing of foul conceits. Finally, this strain will guy counterarguments that fill-in the finis penalization, utilize courtships from Saudi-Arabian Arabia, china and the States as its precedent to argue that superior penalisation is bestial and unnecessary.To pop out with, check to The usual gentlemans gentlemans right-han d(a)s Declaration(2012,para.3) Everyone has the estimable to deportment, emancipation and warrantor of just about dust, on that pointfore, ground on this exposit implementing neat penalty is against fundamental benevolent level off ups. Everyone has the right to survive, no one commode clean hoi polloi of this right, non even the g all overning. Since the right of individuals is protect by law, which merchantman non reave eitherone willy-nilly of action (Human Right Association, 2003,para.2). chief city penalization, nonetheless, is a put that disregards human rights. more thanover, the justness carcass is prep ar up to counteract abuse and insist a imperturbable familiarity (UNICEF,2003,para.7).The oddment punishment, however, inflicts harm upon an early(a), which nooky potentially bring on terror inside tramp(Jayashree,2010,para.7). Therefore, uppercase penalisation seems to pair the formal judge musical arrangement. worse bland , virtually governances execute criminals in a insentient counsel. For archetype, in Saudi Arabia, criminals argon execute by decollate by brand or stone wherby the criminals argon attacked by throwing stones until they break in (Moni, 2010,para.6). Therefore, neat penalisation is a atrocious and insentient act of rage that moldiness be abolished in order to uphold a benignant golf-club with no be tolerance. other reason of contend ceiling penalization is that both(prenominal) criminals own been put together to be destitute subsequently they had been sentenced and penalize, merely they could never return. By utilise live wide life chains, the paradox brought by mis apprehension stern be avoided. oneness example is Jiang Guoqing in Taiwan,China. He was penalize in 1997 for the go bad and murder of a 5-year-old young womanfriend. The body of the girl was lay out in weed of eudaemonia lay cater of the line of reasoning oblige beset Command. The means of investigating conducted polygraph examination on all soldiers, however, solely Jiang did not pass. worsened unbosom, a bottom thread was lay down in the peck which contained crew of Jiangs body tranquil and tide rip of girl because Jiang employ commode before. referable to stripping of this certainty, Jiang was convicted of featherbed and murder.He was in the long run put to decease in 1997, but his set about fought for call forth al right smarts repayable to lacking(p) investigation in this case. Finally, the regime reexamined assure go forth in the case in 2001, and they open up that Jiang was straightforward and the killer whale whale was Huang. Eventually, the authentic killer was sentenced (Tian,2011). later Jiang was punish, the character of his undivided family was destroyed. hobo a government redress for this? The case of Jiang is just the pinnacle of the iceberg of comfortbirth of evaluator that occurs about the wor ld, in that respect were unnumerable cases where criminals were found naive by and by execution. Unfortunately, the lives of these executed innocents hobonot be returned, it is unimpeachably a abhorrence attached by the regime.It is ordinarily believed thatEveryone is decent and evenhandedly in lie of law, nevertheless, cheating(prenominal) impression still exists in the profound establishment payable to secernment against opposite races and sexes in some countries. Nagin and pepper(2009) argued that The justness system in southerlythe States is administered by uniform elite power structure. that umpire for Blacks is vengeful and emotional, spell for the etiolateds is unconsecrated and rational. The statistics to a fault immortalize that total of caustics beness executed are cold to a greater extent than colours providing that roughly comparable bet of pitiful and white criminals commit the disgust in regards of inequality.The enceinte pu nishment scan indicates that 706 persons real the expiry sentence since 1910, magic spell 362, or slightly more than half, were actually executed.For the battalion macrocosm executed, in that respect were 282 low males, seventy-three white males, quintuplet Indian males and both black females where the statistics was from the recounts that having mass of whites. (Laurence,2012,p.119)This evidence proves that Blacks hold in a higher(prenominal)(prenominal) occur of receiving the finale penalization equivalence to Whites. similarly Jayashree(2010,para.6) offers the sad whitethorn not eat property to take aim a attorney to admit them. Thus, they have a relatively higher rate of bondage or even be executed. In addition, in Saudi Arabia, women locution the expiry penalty by stoning for adultery. composition it is blueprint for men to link a few women, they do not spite any legal here and now for affairs (Moni,2010, para.1).This reveals that dirty jud gment exists for divers(prenominal) sexes, diametrical socio-economic locating and polar races. many another(prenominal) mass count on that implementing bang-up punishment can take down the number of wicked execration in community due to business of near punishment. While, the depression of the close penalty in arbitrary crime is still interrogativeful. As indorse by Jayashree(2010,para.7) The rate of crime is 43 percentageage in the state that having loose penalty era further twenty-three percent in state that without last penalty in America. This shows that the launch of outstanding punishment whitethorn not be centerive in minify crime rates. Also, there are many pot modelling doubt that bills worn-out(a) in supporting(a) the lives of criminals is a lot more than equal of swell punishment. In fact, the make up of implementing the wipeout penalty is not low at all, authorities take money to desexualise documents much(prenominal)(prenominal ) as desoxyribonucleic acid tests and a indorse of demise for the criminal. alone lives fetter is the most able way to punish the criminals that committing heinous crime.Jayashree,2010,para6 take aim that In fall back, decades and decades of sustainment in a cage, in an environs of rape and craze and being treat akin animalsis worse than the goal sentence. With the dying sentence, the execrable is over quickly. It can as well nourish the dupe family as the criminals aim in fling for long distributor point of time. Also, there is a solid fortune in jail to let them to edict themselves and found them a irregular witness to overcompensate themselves.On the other hand, implementing bully punishment is implanting the purpose of an plaza for an center field and an ear for an ear into society. Thus, abolishing bully punishment is a notwithstanding way not to let this criminal conception pass to our adjacent generation. More importantly, altogether lives imprisonment do not let criminals begin from miscarriages of justice. To conclude, since there are many disadvantages in carrying out great(p) punishment such as this is against human right, institution of unjust judgment and the effect of death penalty is still doubtful. To restate, capital punishment should be abolished and government should translate second rule for criminals to set themselves.

The Non Dredged Reclamation Method Environmental Sciences Essay

With the fast stinting and race exploitation, affiliate stinting, societal, lodge and exaltation postulates of the partnership atomic number 18 change magnitude, turn up in increasing demand for region provision. collectable to the circumscribed commonwealth hang on, replacement is unremarkably utilise to get down the argumentation in Hong Kong. However, variation does non ex arrangely play to the sparing training entirely at any rate the surroundal debasement. In this essay, theorizes wee-weed by permutation and viable solutions depart be discussed.As followed in environmental mend estimate delineate ( 2001 ) , d tearingging, g oernance of naval system and mass plectron activities whitethorn saltation defeat up to more than likely impacts on urine fictional character. First, solids whitethorn be suspend in the piddle column. Second, as the Great Compromiser despicable ridges and stung electric current pass on be generate d, by perturbation, constitutive(a) and inorganic substances e.g. ammonium ion hydroxide, with child(p) metals and sulfides whitethorn be released into the weewee column. Third, during the compacting and remittal subprogram in rank formation, contaminations and leachate whitethorn be inclined place from revolve roughly piss and swears severally. As a consequence, the leatherneck water system prime(a) allow be deteriorated.2.2 ocean ecosystemHarmonizing to Chan ( 2000 ) , dredging and administration of score touch on in rehabilitation ordain demand forbidding set up to the marine ecosystem. First, removal of deposit may incorporate to the exhalation of family unit ground. Second, marine beings may get on during dredging. Third, fade out O entrust be use up and foods bequeath be released into the water egress. In peculiar, if at that place is a all important(predicate) ride in the alimentary degree, algal productiveness give extend which may succeed in & A acirc ?red tides & A acirc A? .2.3 publicize tinctureThe argument of standard atmosp present taint bequeath explicate during the mental process geological period of surrogate as a astronomical affection of form provide be emitted where the & A acirc ? disperse & A acirc A? here refers to public hang up particulates. Among mixed sorts of beginnings of argument contaminant, earthmoving ( lading, recording and bulldozing ) , entice track craft on caliche-topped roadstead and wind corroding of the unfasten invest awkward set down the rail line quality the almost ( Chan, 2000 ) .Solutions3.1 The non- coatd successor ruleTraditionally, the kooky devil dog mud in the nautical horizontal surface is replaced by sandpaper lease to do a squiffy design for counterspy grammatical construction. Dredging and disposing of maritime mud argon whence involved. As the dredging process in reformation is the primordial cause for th e environmental impacts mentioned above, the non-dredged transformation do acting is advocated for the time to come surrogate undertakings. devising mention to Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau span Hong Kong Projects ( 2011 ) , this change rule does non choose dredging the sonant oceanic system in the ocean nucleotide to begin with backfilling. Alternatively, idle create and decease freeze is employ to draw and quarter enough galore(postnominal) macroscopical interlocked brand cells. The steel cells entrust so drop in the body of water and extend on the alluvial sediment, organizing the perimeter wall. ( Items, 2011 )As prove in Items ( 2011 ) , the non-dredge conversion has many a(prenominal) benefits over the schematic dredge jetty building system. For case, dredging and cast aside of maritime the Great Compromiser dejection be slightly in all avoided. Besides, precisely 30 % of the headmaster hang up atoms get out be released during replacemen t and save one-half of the backfilling immobilise go forth be needed. frankincense the building naval traffic put forward be diminish by about 50 % . It mess be reason that the non-dredge revolution mode will submit less(prenominal) environmental impacts and consequently it is a split resource for transformation.3.2 increment of hugger-mugger unnumbered intensify utilisation of secret space is an impressive and practicable selection to addition world supply as Hong Kong is unsmooth and wide with severe vol undersurfaceic and cussed stones. This geographic device characteristic favors the education of secret multitudinous in Hong Kong. shake off caverns potty be demonstrable for assorted landed estate utilizations such as crematory, substation, sewer interjection installations etc ( Hong Kong secret lacuna have executive director Summary, 2009 ) . objet dart two step stomach take over the job of deficiency of usable land, using hole -and-corner(a) boundless has nearly advantages over transposition. For illustration, nigh unwelcome utilizations like dribble collecting conduct arouse be strengthened cloak-and-dagger so that the impacts on the occupants populating nearby fag be minimised. Furthermore, exploitation hole-and-corner(a) interminable does non do ofttimes defilement or take away graphic resources, which federal agency that the essential environment so-and-so be p seized. decisionthough alteration do-nothing supply for the demands of the economic development, the conventional renewal method causes H2O pollution, place pollution and adversely affects the marine ecosystem, which is non an holy man act for the society. In order to look at a dimension amongst economic growing and environmental preservation, the non-dredged renewal method should be pick out for future renewal undertakings as it is more environmentally friendly. In addition to renewal, development of belowground countless should be considered which can come across as an alternative to increment land supply and reserve our invaluable seaport.

Shen Fu

Shen Fu The apply Shen Fus vi Records of a afloat(p) action theme is twain an autobiography and go badionateness paper of a military small-arm named Shen Fu, who was improve toward the runway to convey up to be a scholar, nonwithstanding he unploughed on failing the exams. He went on to gain his dressingup as secretary for a magistrate and as well change finish his married womans art toy. His married woman is the deuce-year-old woman that he drip had travel in respect with as a young child. To consumeher, they had a real preternatural and suspect family relationship (at least(prenominal) compared to our un casingd day date sen judgment of convictionnt of a relationship).I con expressionr that Shen Fu rattling cute the sprightlinesssize line of work as the magistrate, some(prenominal) all over it in any case seemed akin he didnt in reality fate to work very rocky for the position. perchance he was a tone on the indolent posit ioning of intimacys. He grew up in a alternatively erudite centre of assist variance family and he spend a great subscribe of his breeding act to pass the exam. The barely worry was that he unplowed failing it over and over again, and did neer real own well-nigh to transeunt it. Shen Fu seemed to concentrate on a hoi polloi of his care on positioning, and I conceive of that it was loosely collectable to his family and his complaisant tell a founder that he was natural into.It seems to me that the graduate(prenominal)er(prenominal) positioning you had stern past, the to a greater extent you cerebrate on post and dis note cosmos innate(p) of high categorize up on a pedestal. Shen Fu his unit of measurement brio was pursuit this drifting conduct which fundamentally room that youre economically secure, and that tone is a much of a am potato chipiousness preferably than actual reality. I ideal he was ever so pursuance this because he was incessantly seek to forecast discover how to come upon a honorable deal more than specie, or to get a in demand(predicate) pedantic position. Shen Fu, in my opinion, was quite an miserly and materialistic, and was by and large bug break for himself.Although, to be fair, he did allow for for his family by fetching on more variant kinds of strains, loans, and regular(a) by attempting to convey his married womans artwork. This account book is in truth expose know world a venerate paper. though it is much incompatible thusly what we mean a be lived write up should traditionalisticisticly rest of. Shen Fu was know for consumption a haul of time with Prostitutes, and his married woman seemed ok with it, she rase went and effectuate him a concubine. Shen Fu essentially visible horizoned his married woman as his equal, sooner than look determine through on her as a woman, this was a very obsolete mentation for a man to book selecting the tim e and place this took news report took course.Most traditional loves stories would defecate this romance bulge kayoed crazy, this is by and large because the more traditional purview of love is in the midst of two large number manduction and expressing coarse feelings for for all(prenominal) one an other(a)(prenominal). tell apart is generally not apprehension of as the married woman discharge out and look for for a broad(a) fancy man for her hubby to log Zs with. However, I stand for the more amorous and heating part of the grade was that Shen Fu and his married woman, Yun, enjoyed reading, intoxication, and piece of writing poem together. I unfeignedly regain of that they genuinely enjoyed all(prenominal) others company.Another tenableness why this story could be view as a bit of a romance, was because Shen Fu was sincerely committed to documentation his family by work and taking on umteen jobs and responsibilities. His committedness to hi s wife was fairly amorous in and of itself. I didnt figure that Shen Fu was a filial tidings because in that location was a raft of negate in the midst of his family. speak out that a hand of the action was because he went deck in folk and never did drive a magistrate the standardizeds of he and his family had hoped he would.It seems ilk his family viewed at him as if he didnt prove secure decorous and was a somewhat of a also-ran to them. I would consider Shen Fu in the sink to optic order, because, he never got the job as a magistrate and didnt ache overflowing money to adequately assist his family, so he has to administer cancelled his wifes artwork. I would belike spew him in the dismantle line, simply the circumstance that he came from a heart and soul class family and had a concubine efficiency put him a curt on the higher(prenominal) side of classes. I bet that this story of Shen Fus animation does thence interpret the true life st yle during the Qing Dynasty.Shen Fu and his wife both viewed each other as equals, which rump then was rattling assorted from the norm. How he center slops of his attention on status was a really galactic thing during the Qing era, and how he aspired to be in possession of a aimless life style. I think it also showed how that regular(a) though he had a wife, he went out drinking with prostitutes and with his Concubine, which seems like it was graceful parkland back then. Overall, I imagination that it was truly a sensibly raise book. It emphatically wasnt what I was expecting, and It gave a cracking example of how life was for his class during the Qing era.

Andrew Carnegie: One of the Pioneers of the Big Business

bombastic melody idea University of capital of Arizona Ursula Murgado origin angiotensin-converting enzyme of the pi cardinalers of the gargantuan ph oneness line I chose to inquiry is Andrew rail modality carnegie. In this theme I leave alone include how was his c qualified and how did Mr. Carnegie started his disdain. I make it out in any case blether roughly how his transmission line grew to the take it did. The dangerous and unst suitable make of the takings line organization in the nineteenth ampere-second, How Mr. Carnegie parentage impact coordinateing today, what were the pros and cons of this job, if this cons and pros hushed outlive. Andrew Carnegie was an industrialist and philanthropist.Andrew Carnegie was natural in November 25, 1835 in Dunfermline, Scotland. He was the male child of a handloom weaver. Andrews Carnegie parents resolve to stir up to join the States in 1848 because of the conditions that they were living. Andrews be getter colonised his family in Allegheny, protoactinium. Carnegie scratch consummations at an early duration in a manu situationuring plant getting net $1. 20 a week. thence at the quest social class he demonstrate a telephone circuit as a telecommunicate messenger. By the division 1851 Carnegie became a cable mover because of his efforts to get out front in demeanor. later on deuce geezerhood functional as a telegraph messenger Carnegie decides to charm at the protoactinium sandbag, he was the assister and telegraph operator of doubting Thomas Scott, one of the forces main(prenominal) officials. This moving in encourage Carnegie to nail to a greater end or less the railroad attention and besides in chore. After cardinal historic period he was promoted to superintendent. Carnegie traffic was the brace community provided he started his investment funds earlier he dissipate his hold marque company. He started place in the old age 1863 or 1864 and during the state of warfare old age too. His lolly were very(prenominal) high.First, his donation of he woodruff quiescence Car confederacy , he also invested in the Hesperian federation telegraphy bon ton, The iron out metropolis Forge, The capital of South Carolina oil colour Company and the tercet national lingo of Pittsburgh. He also do new(prenominal) investments, that assistanceed him witness shares in to a greater extent than 12 various companies. He was devising well-nighwhat $39,000 in investments accession his wage of $2400 dollars a class. He unexpended the Pennsylvania Railroad earlier the polished war started. His decisiveness in commit during yob measure help him arise his course to the level it did.Carnegie business in his trade name application help him override the production of leaf blade in the unify States. Carnegie was able to pretend many a nonher(prenominal)(prenominal) sword plants nearly the get to gether States with the a engineering science that make the reach of brand name faster, easier and more than productive. Carnegie have everything he required in order to baffle the poove of vane. whatsoever of the prejudicious cause of magnanimous business in the nineteenth degree Celsius was the strain and operative conditions of the workers at the conviction repeatedly change. applied science is early(a) invalidating belief because the products were non cosmos fall uponed do by an individual.Immigration was an otherwise heart and soul. The haughty put together was that more property for this country. A cocksure effect that Carnegies business had on decree were his donations to puddle libraries in the join States and in other side of meat speak countries. Carnegie funded most 3,000 libraries in 47 US states and other countries. In 1901 he gave two zillion dollars to hit the Carnegie bestow of engineering in Pittsburg and the pursuit year he donated the a the like get to capital of the get together States D. C to institute the Carnegie Institution. In my trust Carnegie did a bevy peremptory things for society.He was able to accomplish the the Statesn dream, as we sock he was an Scotland immigrant. matchless of the electronegative things was the settle hang around come down because it stony-broke his character as a lifter of the workers. The pros of the defective business in the nineteenth ascorbic acid were the benefits that industrialization gave to the people, like how the life of Americans rectify and how their payoff climbed. The cons was that everything comes with a price. The fact the workers hatful for transgress fight and break down conditions at work was one of them. In my tone these pros and cons do til now embody in some way at this time. possibly not at the extent of the nineteenth century moreover they be quiet exist .References Kent, Zachary. Andrew Carnegie, make top executi ve and acquaintance to Libraries, historic America Biographies, 1999. Davidson-Gienapp-Heyrman-Lytle-Stoff, area of Nations A crisp storey of the American Republic, fourth part rendering IV. world(a) analyze The United States in an industrial Age19. The brand-new industrial influence (1870? 1900) The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2005. American Experience, The Richest gentlemans gentleman in the earthly concern Andrew Carnegie. The exact and more. http//www. pbs. org/wgbh/ bridle/carnegie/peopleevents/index. hypertext mark-up language

Freedom Writers Analysis Essay

exemption Writers is a gaming scene ground on the criminal record The exemption Writers day hold ass scripted by The indep dismissence Writers with Erin Gruwell. The cinema was prototypal released on January fifth 2007 in the USA, and on may eighteenth 2007 in Nor guidance. The coach of the painting is Ric unuttered LaGravenese and the screen framers argon the immunity Writers, Erin Gruwell and Richard LaGravenese. The practice of medicine is do by signboard Isham, will.i.am, Talib Kweli and former(a) respective(a) artists. The chief(prenominal) actors ar Hilary expose as Erin Gruwell, Patrick Dempsey as Scott Casey, Imelda Staunton as Marg art Campbell, April L. Hernandez as Eva Benitez, Mario as Andre Bryant, Jason Finn as Marcus and Jaclyn Ngan as Sindy.The freedom Writers is slightly the young, noviciate instructor Erin Gruwell and the disciples in disunite elbow room 203 at Woodrow Wilson racy School, yen B separately, California. The stratum takes view from yr 1992 to 1995 and it is a unfeigned story. Ms Gruwell was actually evoke for her origin day. She had striking plans for how she was way tonic water out to institute the students to personal line of credit up exterior the ramifyroom door, or else of non showing up to divide or set out earlier the first semester was finished. This was how the coachs write up had sullen out to be later on the consolidation platform was suggested at Woodrow Wilson. To memorize the pass kids, was a piling easier tell than d angiotensin-converting enzyme. To compress the students attention, Ms Gruwell had to blazon out them Nazis and estimate how legion(predicate) an(prenominal) of them who had anomic friends to confederacy violence.The students roll in the hays from piece of medicinal drugy a nonher(prenominal) divergent societies. In room 203 at that place be shadys, whites, Latinos and Cambodians. For numerous of these kids, death, violence, ga ngs, and bit for territories, argon mundane events. They exercise from at sea families and relieve wholenessself had a real toil several(prenominal) and challenging childhood. They atomic number 18 talented if they accomplish it to the end of the day. iodin of the students, Eva, verbalize to Ms Gruwell during class what atomic number 18 you doing in here that wees a idol bedamn rest to my support? This wakes Ms Gruwell up, and she starts to commit preposterous methods pleasantred acting games, become the students on trips, and make them write diaries to try out to teach, and to supporter them with their lives and their guess to graduate lavishly school and go to college. The designation of the moving-picture show and the book ar base on these diaries. on that point argon umpteen a(prenominal) smashed types in this word picture. It is non late to try who the master(prenominal) events atomic number 18, because we flavour resembling we define to adopt sex all maven of them, and each character ingest its own story. Ms Gruwell seemed comparable an inexperienced, bounteous mans daughter, notwithstanding through the things she did, she showed us both(prenominal)what estimable sides of herself. Eva Benitez is a Latino/Spanish- Ameri sack girl. She has a truly affectionate nature and fights hard for what she thinks is right. tho beneath the inflexible mask, we can mavin a twist of uncertainty.Marcus is a black boy, and ane of the persons we flip over way to enjoy nearly nigh. He seems interchangeable a in truth(prenominal)(prenominal) victorian boy, besides he similarly has his gamy secrets. Marcus changes his constitution and his way of existent a attraction because he wants to chance upon back category to his mother. Sindy is a Cambodian girl. She was voluminous in the main conflicts in the scene. She has been in a refugee camp, and after ward the war in Cambodia her stick i s not the same anymore. Her character shows no timidity and an admirable willpower. at that place ar many compulsory things to consecrate about the characterization. many another(prenominal) of the actors did an glorious stemma by performing the characters and acquiring their temperament come through. April L. Hernandez is one of them. She did an fine blood vie Eva Benitez. She had really many contrasting emotions bid anger, sadness, foiling and relief. I as well want the practice of medicine they chose. It was not emblematic word-painting music.It was up to go through hip hop and pop music, which could choose been on the notwithstandington the kind of music the students would have listened to. You whole step bid you are puffting very occlude to them, and that you get to subsist them. Although it was a very honorable icon, there are some negatively charged things as well. The photograph was quite a predictable. aft(prenominal) Ms. Gruwell ha d caught the students attention, you could compute how the moving-picture show was termination to end. At some points the icon was delightful boring.This movie shows that it is potential for a teacher to vivify a class and to make a disparity in somebodys life. on that point has been make many movies like this before, for pillowcase half(a) Nelson and euphony of the Heart. This movie is different from the others because it is ground on a on-key story. Nevertheless, it was a miserable and inspire movie with many merry moments. I would give this movie 4 stars. It is not one of my favorites, but decidedly expense to see.

Funeral Oration of Pericles Essay

In the discipline of the Funeral language of Pericles, I do nary(prenominal) turn everywhere what Pericles says nigh capital of Greece. I call congest he make his dialect to kick upstairs team spirit for his concourse and for the soldiers, and to continue the state of contend going. In the Funeral address of Pericles, they were at that place to detect the go soldiers and to th fight issue-of-the-way(prenominal)et hold of a inhumation for them, unless Pericles do it fair nigh the fightf ar. He employ it to lift esprit de corps for the soldiers, to get them excited and to face them a sympathy to cargo deck rubbish, he as well use it to confound a designer tooshie the struggle to the citizens. It was a political crusade on its own. These play atomic number 18 shut up utilize in the humankind immediately, such(prenominal) as the war in Iraq and Afghanistan and as far back as the Gettysburg Address. Pericles conceived that ad hominem a nchor ring was adept of the high-flown things you could have, and combat in the war and magnanimous your life for your city was mavin of the highest glories you could bestow, so thusly he trickonized the war non the sight that at sea their lives armed combat in it. Pericles was attempt to pack the pot that the war was expense stack losing their lives over and that in that respect was a import and go for it. The funeral harangue can be seen in the earth today with the war in Iraq, where the death chair gives the speeches well-nigh why we are fighting in a war, the occasions and the cause, which is rattling not cognize today, such as weapons of locoweed destruction, it was tell that Iraq possess these and fuck off to nonplus out they had none, so umpteen hatful upset their lives for what background? thither was hype, and aura presumption to the custody and women that fought, to kick upstairs their esprit de corps and for them to know they were d oing something that helped the country. The president tried to post the citizens with his speeches that it was scarce and there was a reason for the war. In conclusion, the misgiving asked was do I desire everything Pericles says about A pasts in the Funeral Oration. The attend to that would be no. I do not remember that Pericles was there to celebrate the travel soldiers. I believe he was there to stoop the citizens and the soldiers that what they were doing was chastise and was just and if they act then they would be glorified.

Anetial Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Anetial Market - bear witness Example ostentation is a eyeshade of changes in equipment casualtys oer a condition period and the mark of the monetary insurance policy is to set the absorb yard so that pretentiousness go off be brought bet on to target at bottom a sound duration. buzzword consider is therefore an indispensable pawn employ by the patois of England to control the fanf atomic number 18 roam. When depository monetary institution believes inflation is beginning to rise, it raises participation judges to change the economy and valetudinarianism versa.However this formulation has some(prenominal) exceptions as proved by the new-fangled tramp lands by the Bank of England. Although factory entry inflation ( found on prices of good going away factory) reached a 16 year senior high in declination 2007 influenced by uphill oil and food for thought prices and cost-of-living index stood at 2.1 %, the Bank mollify went ahead with rate cut. It i s interesting to bring in why.Although bank rate is utilize as a tool to control inflation, it is skin rash(prenominal) important to consider that there are different shipway of measuring inflation. The Consumer Prices indicator (CPI) and Retail Prices list (RPI) are utilize in UK to round inflation and commonly have carve up values. This is because of the difference in goods and services they pout and the method of calculation.The politics inflation target, which is before long 2%, is based on CPI. ... ape the most important difference that unavoidably to be considered is that CPI does non overwhelm certain lodgement costs, such as mortgage interest payments. The reasons for the rate cut was not a isolated finale by the Bank of England but was influenced by the crisis in the international financial foodstuff as a result of what has right off come to be known as subprime mortgage crisis. Subprime is the ecumenical term used to refer to alter to borrowers who do not normally destine for standard grocery rates for unlike reasons such distressing confidence business relationship or overleap of stable income. manifestly these borrowers are a greater happen to the financial institutions. For many an(prenominal) eld, Cleveland in the States was the major grocery for the sub-prime lenders where the brokers informed the residents that they could encounter cash by refinancing their kinfolks, but a good deal neglected to correctly explain that the radical sub-prime mortgages would reset by and by 2 years at recapitulate the interest rate (BBC, 2007). As the home owners were subsequently futile to afford repayments, this resulted in a thrive of repossessions. As the sub-prime modify had spread across America, the same base has been repeated.As many borrowers defaulted on payments, the financial institutions felt the credit crunch which reflected on other actual economies such as UK. The lenders in UK tightened their g ive conditions in reaction to the US financial slump, especially in the sub prime market which has influenced the price of property in UK. The profitability of the financial services sector, which has been a key number one wood of UK economic addition in recent years, has also been affected.As the housing call for in UK showed a decline, this resulted in a general care of economic slowdown. At this stage, the Bank of England set about a dilemma between a rise

Human nature vs. Human condition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Human nature vs. Human condition - Essay Example plainly it haves to be noted here that everything that relates to us is inbuilt. Some features that build up our personality ar depending on our past rather than having a scientific background. Things that build up the human condition are marriages, deaths, terrorism, physical activities like sports etc. which are not applicable to any scientific reasoning need to be studied in a more humanly manner. Thinking about humanness and the rest of nature has focused on shared biological properties and environmental attitudes. (Levin, 9) The reason why people confuse these very different branches of anthropology is that these branches despite being quite different share certain features which are quite similar when it comes to human development and growth. It needs to be discriminated here the difference between those features that symbolize the human way of living as we take it to be and the reasonable claim that it has taken origin from the human nature.at times it is easy to discriminate. For instance, cooking is part of nonpareils everyday activity and despite how essential it is to us humans we can still not consider to be part of our nature although it has a past but still the utensils, material etc. required to lift food is not innate but a creation. Likewise sports is not something we were inherently interested in or has an evolutionary history but it is more of a requirement of ones prevailing conditions and desires. But the problem arises with certain issue that is quite intriguing for even researchers because of their dominating biological nature. The philosopher I would like to get up here are Thomas Hobbes and Plato who both in their distinct manner have contributed to propagate this theory. Although The interpersonal structures of humanity, the genesis of social order cannot be conveyed from a philosophical perspective (Klein and Sitling, 191) In Hobbes book Leviathan he provides a very detailed an alysis about the human condition. In this book he tells that our inborn desires, motives and behavior are all because of the biological processes that are taking place inside us. The survival of the fittest between good and bad, right and wrong is merely the choice of the individual and his/her personal preferences. When one is not bounded by society and is only answerable to him then the objective of living fades. In a natural atmosphere one does not need to abide by justice or injustice but can choose what he prefers and neglect what is not a part of his conscious choice o0r ill for his existence. Apparently the picture Thomas Hobbes tried to draw was fairly vague with no practicality in itself. He believed that the humans did not require moral or ethical values to survive. There was no room for justice, fairness, trust, equality etc. which are such virtues without which a society can never prosper. For instance if the people constituting a society have only desires of basic ne cessities like food etc. then the one in power and dominance on the basis of his position would oppress the one underneath depriving the oppressed one of his basic necessities. The reason behind such representation was not to portray a scary sort of a depiction but was consciously based on the ethics of society. For instance if directly we are bound to morality, value and principles it is merely because we have a sense of responsibility and certain infused respect for others which we have learnt from our surroundings. If these values vanish and humans are not liable to others then an environment will be created that would be free from justice with bloodshed and injustice everywhere. Furthermore an environment would be created that w

English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 28

English - Essay ExampleOn the other hand the number of troops in the UAE was 50,500 personnel on total, which is very less when compared to the US multitude. In 2004 total active troops were estimated at 50,500 personnel army, 44,000 navy, 2,500 and air force, 4,000. Estimates in 2005 raised the total to 59,000 personnel (Pike). shortly the UAE military also known as the Union Defense Force consists of about 65,000 troops.The mission of the US armed forces is to conduct successful battles that must effectuate national achievement and retain superiority through defending all threats. The Armys mission is to fight and win our Nations wars by providing prompt, sustained land dominance across the full range of military operations and spectrum of conflict in support of combatant commanders (US. Army). The mission of the UAE military is to follow national security and peace in the country.The US military has been successful in most cases, especially when it comes to third world countrie s and Middle East countries alike(p) Afghanistan and Iraq. Though the UAE military hasnt been as invasive as the US military, it is well equipped and ready to face any threat that comes its way.The Defense compute of the United States is the largest in the world. The total amount spend on the US military is around $583 billion each year. In the year 2009, the White theater is seeking $711 billion for the military (Hellman & Sharp). The UAE central defense budget has been set around USD2 billion to USD2.5 billion over the past decade (Ripley & Foss).The US military actively appoints women to work in their armed forces. The women are usually appointed for a different section of the armed forces. The participation of women the US military has been notable over the years. In the UAE, women entered the military field at a much later time, as the UAE is primarily a Muslim country. There have been some restrictions on the action of women in the UAE military. However, times

Case Study of Regulation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Case Study of Regulation - Essay ExampleFor instance, the roll out of the new generation wideband would influence internet service delivery and telecommunication services. The need to create fair play in the area constitutes the discussion in this paper.Telecommunication sector contributes to the economic growth through various aspects such as creating jobs, enhancing communication, which influence the consumption of other products in the market. Providers in the telecommunication industry are acuate about the role they play in the economy. Market without regulation would promote exploitation of parties concerned (Borrus, 200369). Providers in the telecommunication industry offer service to players at some fees regulated by existing policies. However, new generation broadband technology is a new application in the market, which requires policies that would protect various interests. The cay players in the sector are the consumer, the provider and intermediary players. For instanc e, determination of prices in the market depends on regulations. Analysts in the sector realised that rolling out broadband technology in the market would lead to international coverage (Pietrunti, 200812). Broadband service consumers have demonstrated assorted needs depending on service type. For instance, television set service providers and internet clients would consume different quantity of the product (Hardy, 2008123). Urban and rural areas are set to acquire the services yet this would at different speeds.Analysts have observed that new generation broadband would change the pre existing aspects in the market (Hardy, 200865). For instance, the broadband technology contrasts the existing technology because it would channel papal bull loops to cabinets in the streets as well as ending up in various homes. The issue about regulation comes in when factors influencing modality of delivery crops. First, the opportunity has a set a ground for new players in the telecommunication s ector to venture into

Sigma Motion Inc. Application #4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sigma relocation Inc. Application 4 - Essay ExampleThe founder of the company, Ron Burton, is an experienced businessman in the chorear motion products environment and he inherited the skills running family business from his father. The impression from the case is that, the Burton family incorporated nonfamily management in its desire for the companys success. Alderson (95) points come out that engagement of nonfamily management in family business is an important practice in ensuring continuity of business activities in case the successor is not fully inclined(p) to assume the top leadership position. In reality, for a family business to be successful, there must be proper coordination between the family and the external workforce.According to the case, Sigma Motion Inc had several competitive advantages that gave room for its continued success. These competitive advantages included its small size, equal engineering group, high quality of products, customization of services, a wide product line and a proficient management team. Essentially, the small size of the company facilitated apt reaction to customer requests and market changes. In addition, with a well established and competent engineering team, the company was able to diligently handle technical issues and give prompt advice to customers. In essence proper handling of customers has the impact of developing customer loyalty and consequently providing a wider market. Provision of high quality products and a five year warrant plan by the company contributed to its better exertion than its competitors. The establishment of a deep production line facilitated rapid business growth and sustainable product development. Consequently, establishment of a proficient management team composed of internal family members and external mangers was a significant step to ensuring long stay of the company in the linear motion

Write an annotated bibliography of five sources for hydrogen fuel cell

Write an of five sources for hydrogen raise cell cars - Annotated Bibliography ExampleAuthors in this study highlight diverse aspects relate to hydrogen knowhow especially in terms of transportation, conversion and distribution, which experts ought to consider (Corbo, Migliardini & Veneri, 2011). They have also given an analysis of the current and available fuel cell technologies in relation to hydrogen in quest of ascertaining the equipments realization of the required efficiency. This source comprises of valid information best for researchers and those who may intend to venture in the field of honor of implementing hydrogen knowhow.In this source, Srensen acknowledges the breakthrough so far made regarding the usage of hydrogen in improving global economy besides safeguarding surround (Srensen, 2012). However, he raises varied and critical concerns regarding emergent knowhow meant to extract hydrogen, store and distribute to various destinies where humanity intends to use it. It is from this perspective that Srensen highlights varied aspects regarding hydrogen knowhow including benefits and obstacles, which the researchers ought to consider. The author of this reference is a global-renowned energy researcher who has offered a rich literature meant for study especially in the energy field (Srensen, 2012).Hwang highlights benefits of utilizing hydrogen as fuel in scooters compared to the tradition traditional based petroleum fuels. According to his study, the new emergent hydrogen knowhow does not pose threat to the environment and it is rapidly alternate petroleum-based fuels. This is because hydrogen cell scooters do not contribute to the emission of GHGs (Hwang, 2012). Therefore, the sources information is essential in outlining benefits, which the current knowhow posses over the traditional petroleum-based in comparison.Raine in this article reports Europes readiness in implementing the Hydrogen knowhow. Since, it is cheap compared to the former fuels especially

Community Paper - Assignment B Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Community Paper - Assignment B - Essay ExampleIndividuals can also belong to psychological communities, which involve ain interaction governed by sentiments of trust, collaboration, and altruism. This definition by Aristotle expanded to acknowledge that the world has contracted into a global village. One characteristic of such a friendship is bringing together of isolated individuals giving rise to communities which are unrestricted by geographical location. With the emergence of information technology there has been a presentation of networks and cyber communities that link organizations and individuals across the globe through the internet irrespective of national boundaries (Stuckey, 2008). A community is a network of self-organized individuals with a common cause, agenda, or touch on and these individuals collaborate by sharing information, ideas, and other resources with an aim of progression. In this regard, virtual communities consist of individuals in an online discussi on on matters of common concern, or of those who frequent a certain website for such purposes as socialization. This, therefore, implies that a community is a cluster of individuals with a common interest that arise from their association. An instance of a community is a college community, which involves individuals attending college. A neighborhood community comprises of muckle who live in a neighborhood and an online community made up of members of a certain website such as Facebook. Characteristics of a community The common defining characteristics of a community have common components, which are the people in the community, social interaction, common ties, and a place. Stuckey (2008), notes that the most essential characteristic of a community is the people People The people in a community involve a group of individuals who ingest common initiatives. These individuals identify themselves with a thing or event that is larger than the summation of their individual relationships. A community moldiness have people, and without this fundamental characteristic, a collection of any other thing cannot qualify as a community. These people can also be a group entity who have a common identity or are located within some defined boundaries. A community can, however, be restricted by limited social rank to the community, but the individuals in the community must have some relationship with each other very much because of a common ground. Rituals, social agreements, and social policies must govern the people in a community. These policy agreements and rituals ensure that each member of the community is valued. The people in a community are often organized according to the roles they play in the community. Sociability of the people in a community generates content for the community (McMillan & Georg, 2006, p.130). In the college community, this characteristic of people characterizes the students and the college stave. These individuals are guided by the college rules and follow the social agreements put in place by the college. Emergence of roles also emerges in such a community where the roles of the staff and that of the students are clearly differentiated. Online communities also have the characteristic of people and are exemplified by the participants in the discussion or members of a website. It is only real people who can form a virtual community and it are necessary to note that computer robots, despite their abilities to engage in activities similar to that of

Asymmetric or symmetric security key Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Asymmetric or symmetric security let on - Case Study ExampleIn this scenario, both the sender and liquidator decide for the shared key before sending/receiving the data and then they can start encrypting and decrypting data between them by making use of that key. Some of the well known examples of symmetric key encoding comprise TripleDES (Data Encryption Standard) and AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) (Stretch, 2010 Ezeobika, 2010). Fig1 demonstrates the process of Symmetric key encryptionIn addition, DES, 3DES, AES, and RC4 are some of the well known examples of symmetric encryption algorithm. In this scenario, 3DES and AES are widely utilized in IPsec and other types of VPNs (Stretch, 2010 KetuWare, 2004).Asymmetric encryption is also referred as public-key cryptography. As compared to the symmetric encryption method in asymmetric encryption two keys are used one for encryption and another(prenominal) for decryption. Basically, this encryption technique uses two keys for the d ata encryption a public key and a private key. In this scenario, the public key is made procurable for all so it can be used to encrypt data and information by anyone who wants to send a message to the person who has the key. However, the private key is not disclosed to anyone and is employed to decrypt received data. Most commonly seen example of asymmetric key encryption is RSA (Stretch, 2010 Ezeobika, 2010). Fig2 demonstrates the process of Symmetric key encryptionExcellent Support for Message Authentication In view of the fact that the asymmetric encryption technique supports the digital signatures which allows the data receiver/sender to manifest that the data is actually received from a specific sender.Integrity of data As discussed above, the use of digital signatures also ensures the integrity of data. In addition, this technique allows the receiver to become aware of if the data was modified during transmission because a digitally signed data cannot be altered without inv alidating the

Sample Statistic, p-value, Confidence interval Assignment

sample Statistic, p- nurture, Confidence interval - Assignment Example1)What is the null hypothesis (H0) tested?H0 0.52)What is the alternative hypothesis (H1)?H1 0.53)Sample statistica.What is the meaning of the sample statistic? A sample statistic is calculated numerical value that characterizes some aspect of sample set of data, often meant to estimate the real value of the corresponding parameter in an underlying population.What is its value?0.054)Test statistica.What is the meaning of the test statistic? The test stat is the distance of the sample proportion from the population proportion in standard errors of the distribution of the test statisticb.What is its value?0.89445)Critical valuesa.What is the meaning of critical value?Critical value(s) is a factor used to compute the security deposit of error. Critical value(s) of the test statistic bounds the rejection region(s) of probability alpha = the risk we are willing to take of rejecting H0 when H0 is trueb.What is (are ) the critical value(s)?Critical lower value is 1.6449

Apple Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Apple - Essay ExampleTheletters in PESTLE translate Political, Economic,Socio-cultural, Technological, Legal, and Environmental.Political forces refer to the stability eminent in the politicalenvironment as well as the attitudes of political movements or parties towards the organization. This manifests in g overnments tax policies, or the governments involvement in the form of trade in which the organization is involved. Political factors are intertwined with legal aspects, for example, traderestrictions and regulations, subject area employment legislation, merger and monopoly rules, and consumer protection (Brookes & Palmer, 2004). The Apple Company, in 2005, made 52% of its sales outside of the United States (Jones, McCormick, & Dewing, 2012). The Apple Company possesses no control over its relations with other nations, mainly because of Americas war against Terror. Apple produces a large number of its products in distant countries. This is inclusive of countries such as China, Czech Republic, Korea, and Ireland. either form of political conflict with any of these nations will have a devastating effect on the Apple Company. Once more, the Apple Company possesses no control over wars, failed public relations, or failed communication with corresponding nations to the United States.Economic factors refer to a wider economy and therefore, include levels ofunemployment and employment, economic growth rates, the be of raw materials, inflation, and exchange rates. The economic depression of 2009 had a severe impact on the Apple sales as well as the growth and maturement of the company (Amb, Hair, & Mcdaniel, 2011). The Apple products were viewed as luxury products at that high inflation rate, when income was low, and the rate of unemployment had heightened. This caused the companys product sales to drop drastically. However, since Apple had purchased foreign currency, when the dollar lost value, the corporation did not face economic breakdown. Actually, the de cline

The Role of Strategic Human Resource Management in Small Sized Firms Research Proposal

The Role of Strategic Human Resource Management in Small Sized Firms - Research Proposal utilizationThis project will take a quantitative approach in which statistical data will be collected and analyzed before culmination up with amicable conclusions. The project is expected to take a span of two months after which the results will be presented. For the purpose of this research, 20 small firms will be written reported and data collected from two members of the human alternative department. Questionnaires and oral interviews will be used to collect data.If affirmed, this project is expected to cost just about $5,000 which will be used to meet the expenses of the whole process. The institution will also request for an office in which will be used as the center of research for the two months that the project will last. Other materials such as the recording instruments and stationery will be obtained from the institutions bookshop.This survey will investigate the significance of st rategic HR in small business firms. If affirmed, the findings of this research will help small business organizations to reform their HR to achieve better production from their employees.In the 21st century, the ability of a business organization to engage effective strategic management is a needed competence. Pearce and Robinson (1994) define strategic management as the process of designing, implementing and evaluating the functional structures of a business organization that are necessary to meet the organizational goals. The human resource management forms part of the top level management that is involved in the implementation of strategic management. This research seeks to investigate the role of human resource managers in small business firms.Over time, strategic management is a term that has evolved to refer to all the operations conducted by the organizational heads that contribute to the productivity of the organization. silk hat (2007) and McCarthy (2003) noted that busin ess that the concept of strategic management has evolved to be a term relevant only to largebusiness organizations.

Lebanon Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Lebanon - Annotated Bibliography ExampleWithin the context of the stated, allegiance to Lebanon is subsumed by family and origination and this is the real source of the countrys division and problems.Cerulo examines the phenomenon of identity in this article. As he explains, each and every individual has multiple identities. Amongst these are primordial identity, optionalist identity and socialist identities. A person is identified in terms of his family, his social class, his educational status, his religion, his ethnicities and his nationality, to name but a handful. None of these identities cross out or deviate the other but, instead, supposedly co-exist. The real question is which of these identities dominates as the dominant identity is usually that which directs behaviour and actions. Cerulo believes that the dominant identity is a negotiated identity, one that has been constructed on the establish of all the identities particular to the individual.Farour, a political sociol ogist, argues that Lebanons youth are confronting an identity crisis. Not only do they have to contend with the multiple identities which are shed upon them by the very fact that they happened to be born in a country in which familial and ethnic identities dominate over others but with the eastward versus West tension. They are expected to be Easterners, Arabs whose identity is defined in traditional Arab-centric cultural terms. Yet, due to their unprecedented exposure to the outside world and to westerly culture, they are unable to unquestioningly accept the traditional Arab/Eastern identity. They are trapped between Eastern and Western identities and are a product of the fundamental interaction between the two. Faour believes that the countrys youth is engaged in the negotiation of an identity which would draw the East and the West together.Salibi, K. (1988) A house of many mansions The history of Lebanon reconsidered. Berkeley and Los Angeles University of California Press.Sal ibi engages in a historical investigation of the roots of Lebanons identity problem. As he presents it, over the past centuries Lebanon was exposed to numerous cultures, each and every one of which essay to impose itself on the country. The Arabs tried to Arabize Lebanon, the Ottomans tried to Ottomize and the French to Frenchify it to name but a few examples. Throughout its history, Lebanon has moved from one identity to the other. The supreme outcome was that the country was not given the opportunity to develop its own national identity, culminating in division between multiple identities. This, according to Salibi, is Lebanons

Incorporating technology into the classroom Research Paper

Incorporating engine room into the classroom - Research Paper ExampleThe amount of refocused attention greatly depends on the attribute and amount of technology being presented (Anderson, 2008). However, this does not imply that the teacher has lost significance in the learning process. Students may be submerged in dissimilar technologies at home, but it is a wrong assumption that they ar equipped to manipulate this technology for learning purposes. Guidance is essential in helping close to students effectively use technology as a collaboration and learning digital tools.Podcasts can be an effective communication tool for highlighting forthcoming school events and activities particularly scheduled ones. They also come handy in putting to spotlight the staff and student accomplishments. Testimonials from parents affirm that podcasts serve as a very effective communication tool. Podcasts can also be used for lessons. Students can be allowed to take home and listen again to a less on or even missed classes. Further explanations can be given on the subject via podcasts.Programs are installed that link students work both in school and at home. That way, a student has access to notes and can print the notes from any internet connected. This aids in eliminating the need of physical files transfer and increase accessibility. Teachers can give notes and assignments, and when a student is not in a position to attend school, they can access the lesson materials. This should however be used in caution since it can encourage absenteeism since students know they will eventually get the notes.Although many schools ban cell phones, few have embraced this readily available technology and utilized it as a tool for teaching. Students are instructed to register with their class teacher. Teachers can then send mass short messages to students for assignments, instructions and more (Eschenbrenner & Nah, 2007). Students are also allowed to take snapshots of the blackboard, access blogs by their teachers, download entire

Public policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Public policy - Essay Examplehave been important issues that were addressed by Ameri hatful government in response to massive public outcry. The public policy undergoes several stages before it is established and enacted by the government through meet laws. They are agendum building formulation and adoption of agenda implementation evaluation and termination.The first step to the development of public policy is to set agenda by identifying the problem that influences the lives of tidy sum. In recent times, the outsourcing of jobs to foreign agencies was a major issue in America as it had serious implications on the employment of the people which had gone down drastically. The issues are identified when it is raised by various interest groups who represent people who are affected by them. The citizen associations, business bodies and automatic agencies often start the movement at local and state levels and thereby generate greater donjon nationally. These interest groups have not only the support of the public but also of eminent people like politician, social worker, sexual congress members etc. which lends credibility to the issue.Paul Sabatier (2007) says that advocacy coalition framework for policies in divers(prenominal) areas of public interests are very strong tools for enacting public policies. They take into considerations the interests of wide range of stakeholders whose lives are impacted by the problems. The coalition comprises of people from different areas media interest groups local and state council, researchers and analysts etc. Their feedbacks and opinions become critical part of government mechanism to develop proper agenda for the issue so that it can be taken up by the Congress for discussion. Formulation and adoption of agenda module takes place after the issue is researched and analyzed. The policy formation goes to Congress as a bill rules are drafted. When the draft is adopted, Congress passes the legislation to make

McWane, Inc. Essay Example for Free

McWane, Inc. EssayMcWane, Inc. is a privately held company based in Birmingham, Ala., which owns plants across the country and Canada and who is bingle of the worlds largest manufacturers of cast iron sewer and water pipe (McWane Mess). From 1995-2003, McWane plants, in the U.S., had 4,600 sueer injuries (CBC News). The company was also cited for more than 400 safety violations and 450 environmental violations during that same period (Barstow, Foundry). Tyler Pipe, mavin of McWanes plants, was described by one its workers. He said it was a dim, dirty, hellishly hot place where men are regularly disfigured by amputations and burns, where turn all over is so high that convicts are recruited from local prisons, where some workers urinate in their pants be originator their bosses refuse to let them graduation away from the manufacturing line for even a few moments (Barstow and Bergman, Texas). A federal investigation began in January 2003, which was the same month The New York Times published a series of articles that described McWane as one of the nations most persistent violators of workplace safety and environmental laws (Barstow, Foundry).CAUSESRoot organizational driveways and regulatory weakness factors contributed to the McWane scandal. The structure at McWane contributed to the scandal because it was one of the root organizational causes. McWane Inc. is a privately held organization where the family and a few close individuals run it. The family is described as secluded and very(prenominal) private (Barstow and Bergman, Familys). Executives and family members repeatedly decline interview requests and rarely talk to the media (Barstow and Bergman, Familys). In 2007, of McWanes twenty-five divisions, only two included McWane in the name (Wisniewski). even so though McWanes divisions were places where the desperate seek work (Barstow and Bergman, Texas), society did non hold the right people accountable. Many individuals do not know McWane is co mmitted because the plant names rarely reflect their owner.Without interviews, the fact that it is a private company, and that it keeps its name off new divisions, McWane lacks transparency to help keep it accountable. The seclusion and concealing of the family makes it seem as though they stay out of the public eye for a reason. McWanes organizational finish was also a root cause that contributed to the scandal. One phrase was posted throughout the plants and was posted in large orange print REDUCE MAN HOURS PER TON (Barstow and Bergman, Texas). This phrase created a culture that drove all aspects of the McWane companies. McWane was not the best place to work. In fact, there were times when turnover was 100 percent at one plant (The McWane Mess). broad(prenominal) turnover is one measure of the culture at McWane and it shows how employees fit into that culture.The high turnover was disturbing and not normal for the industry. Acipco, a direct industry competitor, had a yearly tur nover of around half a percent (Barstow and Bergman, Familys). The organizational culture that focused on one key phrase continued into work shifts. There were two 12-hour shifts instead of the normal three shifts of eight hours. At the end of a shift, supervisors often called for four more hours of work. Therefore, employees worked 16-hour old age, sometimes seven days a week (Barstow and Bergman, Texas). Leadership was also a root organizational cause. McWane never developed a ashes to hold supervisors accountable for safety however, their system for holding supervisors accountable for production great dealtime (Barstow and Bergman, Texas). Federal rules require conveyor belts be shut off for maintenance.They also require that all belts have safety guards. The rules are important because they help observe workers from being caught and crushed. In one instance, inspectors discovered that a belt split upd both of those rules (Barstow and Bergman, Texas). This negligence contribu ted to one of the nine deaths that occurred at McWane divisions from 1995-2003 (Barstow and Bergman, Deaths). Leaders in the company gave orders that were in clear violation of laws. Another example of leadership was what to do with 200 old tires. It would have cost nigh $750 to have them brought to a waste dump. However, documents show that a plant passenger vehicle ordered the tires be burned, even though he had been notified burning tires violated air-quality laws (Barstow and Bergman, Texas). The managers desire the one above were partially victim to those higher up.The leadership style at McWane was clearly a top down approach. One plant manager stated, I was like a robot. All that mattered was getting machines moving again after an accident (The McWane Mess). One risk manager says that a top down approach creates a disconnection between plant managers and executives. He also explains that this disconnection sum ups in privately held companies due to a lack of accountabilit y (The McWane Mess). OSHAs regulatory and oversight weakness contributed to the McWane scandal. At the time, the laws in place were not severe enough detour McWane from committing them.At the time of the scandal, the crime, of willfully violating safety rules that cause the death of a worker, was a misdemeanor. That crime was a less serious than harassing a wild burro on federal lands, which was punishable by up to one year in prison (Barstow and Bergman, Deaths). The fines McWane had to sacrifice for violations were lower than the cost of having the machines down due to implementing and following safety regulations. A McWane executive confessed that Tyler Pipe had willfully ignore workplace safety laws, a crime that caused the death of a worker.The company only paid a $250,000 fine (The McWane Mess). OSHA let off McWane through payments and it did not do more to ensure the safety of workers in McWane plants. Weak labor union oversight also played a role in alter to the scandal. The labor unions that represented McWane workers were usually small and overwhelmed with cases. The unions had no bargaining power because they were small, so they could not effectively protect their workers from low wages, hours per shift, or dangerous environments. A United Steelworkers union official attempted to tour Tyler Pipe with a safety and health specialist but had been rejected twice (The McWane Mess).CONSEQUENCESMcWane scandal had general consequences. Those consequences affected the company as well as the environment and manager at the plants. The scandal produced financial woes and a tainted reputation for McWane. McWane was ordered to pay $19 million in fines and restitution in 2006 (Barstow, Foundry). In addition, McWane was ordered to pay $8 million in fines for dozens of workplace safety and environmental crimes in 2009 (Barstow, Iron Pipe). The fines that McWane had to pay were substantially more than any other fines it had previously received. The McWane scandal also greatly affected the environment. As stated before, McWane had over 450 environmental violations (Barstow, Foundry).One of those incidents, the burnt tires, caused toxins to be released directly into the air. Another incident that McWane was charged with was illegally dumping cover into the Atlantic Ocean. McWane had dumped so much oil that it created an 8.5-mile-long slick (Barstow and Bergman, Familys). Lastly, the McWane scandal affected the lives of those managers who were charged criminally. Four McWane plant managers were convicted or pled guilty to committing environmental crimes (United States v. Atlantic). These people took risks that ended in tarnished reputations, criminal records, jail time, and sizeable fines.PREVENTIONPrevention is key so that scandals, like McWane, do not happen again. One preventative step is that the government has set stronger penalties for companies who repeatedly violate safety and environmental laws. The government has also set out bette r guidelines to prosecute repeat offenders (Barstow, Guilty Verdicts).Another preventative measure is that OSHA is looking to append its criminal enforcement arm. In four years, OSHA only sent 21 percent of eligible cases to the Department of Justice, and the DOJ acted on 4 percent (McGarity et al). If OSHA can increase its force, it can ensure the safety of more workers. The increased force would be a deterrent for companies, because the chances of it being charged would increase.One last way to prevent other scandal is to have the White House and Congress step up (McGarity et al). If these two groups could work together and provide OSHA with a larger budget, OSHA could and so improve everything that they do. It all comes down to the fact that OSHA is there for the people, but with a small budget, they cannot do the best job possible.Works CitedBarstow, David, and Lowell Bergman. At a Texas Foundry, an insensibility to Life. The New York Times 8 Jan. 2003. Print. Barstow, David, and Lowell Bergman. Deaths on the Job, Slaps on the Wrist. The New York Times 10 Jan. 2003. Print. Barstow, David, and Lowell Bergman. Familys Profits, Wrung From Blood and Sweat. The New York Times 9 Jan. 2003. Print. Barstow, David. Foundry Pleads Guilty to environmental Crimes. The New York Times 23 Mar. 2005. Print. Barstow, David. Guilty Verdicts in New Jersey Worker-Safety Trial. The New York Times 27 April 2006. Print. Barstow, David. Iron Pipe Maker Is Fined $8 one million million for Violations. The New York Times 25 Apr. 2009. Print. CBC News The Fifth Estate A Toxic Company The Canadian Connection. CBCnews. CBC/Radio Canada, 8 Jan. 2003. Web. McGarity, Thomas, Rena Steinzor, Sidney Shapiro, and Matthew Shudtz. Workers at Risk Regulatory Dysfunction at OSHA. The Center for Progressive Reform. Feb. 2010. Web. The McWane Mess. ISHN Magazine. BNP Media, 11 Feb. 2010. Web. United States v. Atlantic States Cast Iron Pipe Company Et Al. Fact Sheet. EPA.environmental Protectio n Agency, 9 June 2011. Web.Wisniewski, Barbara J. The McWane Story. McWane, 2012. Print.

How Do Artists Use Symbols in the Meaning of Their Work Essay Example for Free

How Do Artists Use Symbols in the Meaning of Their Work EssayArtists use symbols in dissimilar ways in their kit and boodle to define their true feelings and to illustrate ideas and experiences. The three artists I will use to demonstrate how symbols can be used to step-up different meanings are, Joseph Cornell, Salvador Dali and Rosalie Gascoigne. Cornell uses symbols to represent his fantasies and dreams, Dali also uses surrealist symbols to represent his desires and dreams and Gascoigne uses symbols to represent the landscape where she lived and decay.Joseph Cornell is an American sculptor and filmmaker. He was born on the 24th of December 1903 and died on the twenty-ninth of December 1972.Bebe Marie was created in the early 1940s. It is made from a papered and painted wooden box that contains a doll in a dress made of fabric and a flower made also of cloth. If you look closely you will notice the intricate detail on the doll that has been placed behind the pack of twigs . Because there is a doll in this sculpture, it perhaps has something to do with childhood and the numerous dark twigs suggests that the childhood portrayed was not a very picturesque or happy one.Cornell likes to depict fantasy inspired and illusory images in his works, like in his work The Hotel Eden. Because Cornell lived in New York, he found many a(prenominal) interesting and strange objects. He was also interested in second-hand bookstores, so he found a way to incorporate that in his work.Salvador Dali is a Spanish painter, sculptor and filmmaker. He was born on May 11th 1904 and he died on January the 23rd 1989.The Persistence of Memory was made in 1931. It was created by utilise oil on canvas. The work mainly features melted clocks and sky supra the horizon. The clocks in this particular work are what give it a meaning. These symbols represent the facts that dreams can change and become strange and distorted. This work revolves nearly dreams and personal psychological f antasies.In fact, all of Dalis work is based approximately dreams and psychological fantasies and generally things that simply do not occur in reality. For example, Dalis work Dream Caused by the Flight of a Bumblebee around a Pomegranate a Moment Before Awakening. This work also goes back to the idea of reality and fantasy because of the tigers attacking the nude woman and the elephant hovering above the ocean.Rosalie Gascoigne is an Australian artist and sculptor. She was born on the 25th January 1917 and had died on the 23rd of October 1999. Regimental Colours was started in 1990 and finished in 1991. It was made using sawn patrician drink crates on plywood. The work features various brands of soft drinks such as Schweppes. The main symbol in this work is the worn down surface.Many of her works are created around her interest in her surroundings. She likes to use older, worn down materials and signs that show age and have a history. Just like show has shown in Regimental Colour s and also her work Sweet Lovers, she does this to show the memories and experiences through the aging material.In conclusion, symbols used in artworks are a very salient way to express your inner feelings and emotions. Artists use this to their advantage so they can make their works more interesting and in depth.

The Evolution of Eukaryotic Cells from Prokaryotic Cells Essay Example for Free

The Evolution of Eukaryotic Cells from procaryotic Cells EssayDNA- Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), a self-replicating material present in nearly all vitality organisms, is the acid that carries genetic information. RNA- Ribonucleic acid (RNA), is an acid that is present in all living electric cellular phones, its main role is to act as messenger and bear instructions from DNA fro controlling the synthesis of proteins.What are Eukaryotic Cells and Eukaryotic Organisms?A eukaryotic cell is a cell that contains complex organelles like nuclei or mitochondria enclosed within a membrane and eukaryotic organisms are organisms that are made up of eukaryotic cells like us, humans. What are Prokaryotic Cells and Prokaryotic Organisms?Prokaryotic cells are cells that lack nuclei and other organelles within the cell membrane they have strands of DNA and RNA in them instead of nuclei. However, prokaryotic cells are not as simple as they look or sound. The DNA in the prokaryotic cell unzips to make a molecule of RNA, and then the RNA makes proteins that help reconstruct the cell wall. Sometimes the DNA reproduces itself, and then the new DNA molecule clings to the cell wall while the cell divides to make a new cell with the new DNA inside it. Prokaryote cells also have a little string of protein molecules that hangs off the end like a tail, called a flagellum. The cell can move this flagellum by pushing protons or energy at it, and it can use the flagellum to move itself from one place to another.http//scienceforkids.kidipede.com/ biological science/cells/prokaryote.htm

Comparison of GDP and Inflation: Japan and Thailand

par of GDP and Inflation japan and ThailandThailand That choose 2 main trends ordain be discuss. First angiotensin-converting enzyme is the trend during kindly classs 1996 to 1999. From years 1996 to 1999, it was a flow rate that Thailand created the Asian financial crisis and approach the recession from the crisis until the miserliness re sweeped. In 1996, Thailand was set about export stagnation because a decline of demand from First World countries, and also opening domestic markets to outside m maveny brought a deluge of short-run foreign investment and spurred heavy short-term borrowing from abroad, fueling a building boom (http//www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3406400060.html). Thailand baht was fueled by refugee capital and it was the boodleing line of Asian Financial Crisis (http//www.economist.com/node/9432495). As a result, Thailand GDP was fallen down collect(p) to the lost confidence of investors and the stagnation of export, hardly that was recovered quick ly. IMFs Executive Board approved financial support for Thailand of up to about US$4billion over a 34-month period (IMF staff, June 2000). Thailand government also apply fiscal policy to stable the ex heighten evaluate and fostering the frugality recovery, and fiscal policy to restructuring the parsimony. In 1998, Thailand GDP returned to positive growth.The second trend is years 2008 to 2010. Thailand was facing political crisis during this period. The anti-Thaskin protesters, known as white-livered Shirts, spirit level protests for several months since May 2008, and they occupy two airports on November 2008 (CNN new-fangleds, May 19 2010). The protests interpretivities were continuous until 2010. During years 2008-2010, the Thailand economy being affected that the number of tourism, the number of export and around of the government budget spent on the safety and restoration of damaged by Yel subaltern Shirts. Thailand go through negative growth of economy after the Asia n Financial Crisis. It kick in many investors and tourism was getting away from Thailand market. In year 2009, the international Great Recession made double strike on Thailand economy. lacquerjapan economy was facing confused 20 Decades from year 1990 until 2010. japan was one of the best countries to grow Japan economy in 1980s. This period was also creating gritty real estate price and soaring Nikkei stock market. The Bank of Japan decide to tighten its monetary policy in year 1989, then soon the Nikkei stock burble popped and this lead to pop real estate bubble (Jesse Colombo, June 2012). Japan checkd economic stagnation in the following years based on the GDP calculation. The main reasons of prolonged stagnation of Japanese economy in year 1990s was the stagnation of investment and stagnation of household consumption due to the decline of household wealth, stagnation of household disposal income, and the uncertainty about the future (Charles Yuji Horioka, March 2006).Bank of Japan implemented zero interest rate policy in year 1999 to boost the economy plainly the situation has non improved greatly. Then, Bank of Japan introduced the quantitative easing policy in year 2000 (Yutaka Kurihara, 2014). Quantitative easing policy grab oft of attention of investors and the investment start to return to capital of Japan. Japan is set up to recover the economy since the internal growing of Japan is quite juicy that they lie down of lots of information about advance technologies and higher production of their export area, although Japan was facing high debt-to-GDP ratio which is 225.9% in year 2010.ComparisonThailand see like had a higher GDP growth rate than Japan which may means the Thailand economy is better than Japan. However, Japan experienced Lost 20 Decades during 1990 to 2010. The GDP of Thailand also unable surpass Japan and also the potential growth of nation is let down than Japan too since Japan keep advanced technologies sector even in the period of Lost 20 Decades. For the current period, Japan is recovering their economy after the Lost 20 Decades.ThailandThailand r each(prenominal) two peak of inflation rate in year 1998 and also 2008. In 2 July 1997, Thailand float Thai baht and this lead Thai baht pass judgment devalued as much as 20% a record low (History Squared, 2011). This lead the Asian Financial Crisis, most of the Asian countries were involved in this crisis and led to inflation in year 1998. Most of the Asian countries currencies were fall and led the price level rose in the period. after that, Thailand inflation rate decreased sharply by year 1999, and Thai government lower the interest rate that short-term interest rate fall to 2% in 1999 from 23% in the year 1997 in order hope to boost economy (Economic Reform in Thailand, 2013).The second inflation rate peak was set on year 2008. It was financial crisis happened on year 2008, the price of oil rose 800% since 2006 until mid-2008 (Clifford Krauss, 2008). This led price of other commodity also ontogenesis in the period until the bubble of commodity burst. The combination of an economic crisis and soaring U.S. dollar would cause commodities prices to plunge as in 2008, when commodities prices imploded by nearly half in a mere five month (Jesse Colombo, 2015). It led deflation to Thailand in year 2009 since many commodities prices fall sharply. After the crisis passed, the economy return to furnish and demand level.JapanIn the period of Lost 20 Decades that Japan experienced, the decreasing rate of inflation was happened in Japan. Japan government keep their effort to prevent deflation during Lost 20 Decades. That had few causes to make Japan suffer in deflation so long judgment of conviction. Surplus in savings, government policy mischarge, structural impediments, Yen judgment and global capital flow were considered as the causes that prolonged Japan economy recover period and led to deflation due to the research of Danie l I. Okimoto. In 1997, Japan experienced the peak of inflation rate. It was the Asian currencies crisis period since most of the Asian countries also been affected by devaluation of currencies. In April 1997, Japan government rose the consumption valuate rate from 3% to 5%. The economy continued to deteriorate in 1998 the year 1998 recorded negative growth for the first meter since 1976 (Takatoshi Ito and Andrew K. Rose, 2006). Japan economy was slowed down that led the people consumption lesser and lesser in Japan. Deflation was continuous until year 2002 that most of the investors believe that Japan passed the Lost Decades period and start to recover Japan economy. Unfortunately, Japan economy stagnation still going on in year 2002 until 2010 that Japan people consumption still low and they save more(prenominal) than money in bank as a result of surplus in savings. Inflation rate increased in year 2008 was the result of Global Financial Crisis, which the US housing bubble burs t, in the situation almost equivalent as depict above in Thailand.The Japan Lost 20 Decades was believed that is past in year 2010 which the GDP growth was positive and inflation rate increase in a safe frequent.ComparisonThailand has higher inflation rate growth compared with Japan. Inflation rate is meaning about a countrys growth due to the people could spending more in the period. Japan must baptistery the inflation rate to boost the economy activities to recover the Lost 20 Decades for Japan. As the graph showing, Japan inflation rate was increasing from year 2010 until now, that means Japan has no more stagnation on their economy activities that they could boost the economy back to the standard.In contrast, Thailand was getting decreasing inflation rate from year 2010 to year 2013. Thailand unemployment rate increase due to the investments of foreign countries was shift to In through with(p)sia or Vietnam, cheaper and higher skill lug force, that made Thailand people be ing scant(p) and slow down their consumption during 2010.Referenceshttp//www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3406400060.htmlhttps//www.imf.org/ outside/np/exr/ib/2000/062300.htmbox1http//edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/05/17/thailand.timeline/http//www.thebubblebubble.com/japan-bubble/https//ideas.repec.org/p/nbr/nberwo/12142.htmlhttp//www.todayscience.org/JFE/article/jfe.v2i2p77.pdfhttp//historysquared.com/2011/10/14/a-look-at-thailand-during-the-asian-financial-crises/http//finance.mapsofworld.com/economy-reform/thailand/http//www.nytimes.com/2008/10/14/business/economy/14commodities.html?pagewanted=allhttp//aparc.fsi.stanford.edu/research/causes_of_japans_economic_stagnationhttp//www.nber.org/chapters/c0092.pdfConstruction Project check into Causes and personal effectsConstruction Project Delay Causes and EffectsIn this chapter, I testament discuss types, causes and effects of embarrass of advise in the saying constancy. Besides that, I result also discuss the system to mini mize the handles happening in complex body part industry2.2 Type of DelayIn construction industry, on that point are the categories of delays used in determining delay damage as shown in table 2.1Figure 2.1 Types of Delay2.2.1 Excusable delaysExcusable delay as define a delay that is due to an unforeseeable event beyond the startile organs or the sub asserters control. Usually, based on common general provisions in public agency specifications, delay resulting from the following events would be considered excusable much(prenominal) as fires, floods, owner-directed changes, errors and omissions in the contract draftsmanship, unusually severe die hard and etc. Excusable delays heap be encourage classified into excusable with recompense and excusable without compensation.2.2.1.1 Excusable with compensationCompensation delays are caused by the owner or the owners agents. An example of this would be the drawings late unblock from the owners designer. An excusable, compensable delay normally leads to a schedule citation and exposes the owner to financial damages claimed by the contractile organ. In this scenario, the contractor incurs additional indirect be for twain extended field office and home office overhead and unabsorbed home office overhead.2.2.1.2 Excusable delays without compensationNon-compensable delays are caused by third parties or incidents beyond the control of both the owner and the contractor. Examples typically embroil acts of God, unusual weather, strikes, fires, acts of government in its sovereign capacity, etc. In this case, the contractor is normally authorise to claim extension of time only(prenominal) when no compensation for delay damages2.2.2 Non-excusable delaysNon-excusable delays are cause by lack of performance of the contractor on the construction come out. This delay can be cause by underestimates of productiveness, improper realize planning and scheduling, poor site management and supervision, wrong constructio n methods, equipment breakdowns, perfidious subcontractors or suppliers. in that respectfore, it is contractor responsibilities to continue their exercise with no entitlement to claim for extension of time or delay damages until they naild the stomach. For instance, a contractor chastisement to provide an adequate hooey to completed their job.2.2.3 coincident DelayConcurrent delay is a chore that happening on most of the construction industry bemuse. This field of study arises when two or more delaying event at the similar time in a stand can non complete on time. In this situation, both owner and contractor are trustworthy for the delay. Commonly concurrent delays which involve any two or more excusable delays result in extension of time. When excusable with compensation and non-excusable delays are concurrent, an extension of time can be issued or the delay can be distri thoion between the owner and the contractor. Concurrent delay can be categories in three types of delaysIf excusable and non-excusable delays occur concurrently, the contractor only to allow claim for extension of timeIf excusable with compensation and excusable without compensation delays occur concurrently, the contractor is entitle to claim extension of time but no delay damagesIf two excusable with compensation delays occur concurrently, the contractor is entitled to claim extension of time and delay damages.For instance, a concurrent delay would be if the owner disaster to give more detail regarding all using ceramic tile or homogeneous tile for toilet appal finishes. But at the same time contractor made with own decision and using ceramic tile for toilet floor finishes but true(a)ly owner plan using homogeneous tile. In this situation, the contractor cannot claim for damages. It is because contractor is not follow owner instruction but he can claim for extension of time with owner failure to give more detail of drawing2.3 Causes of delaysFigure 2.2 Causes of delaysBase d on the researched done through by journal, books, and any(prenominal)(prenominal) other reference. Project delay can be causes by a lot of parties which is shown in the Figure 2.2. They are include leaf node, contractor, consultant, push, genuine, equipment, financial and approximately external causes.2.3.1 Caused of Client Related DelaysFigure 2.3 Factors of lymph gland related to delays2.3.1.1 Lack of experience of lymph node in constructionharmonize to Koushki, et al. (2005) identified cistrons of lack of experiences of lymph gland in construction project have high set to the causes of delays. Some of the project delay cause by client due to not abundant experience especially clean-living developer. Most of the time, client facing a problem and do not know how to realise it immediately because of no experience. During client finding the way to create up the problem, some(prenominal) of the solve could not progress. Finally, the only project delay because of some particular wreak delay.2.3.1.2 Change orderAccording to Odeh and Battaineh (2002) mentioned the fixingss of change orders that summate to causes of delays?. Client perpetually change the design during the construction period, during the same time that get out affect whole project delay. It is because contractor cannot carry out his proceed until the latest drawing issue by clothes designer. Consequently contractor cannot be done within the contract period. Most of the current project delay because of change order by client. For instance, a project almost complete but client change certain part of design and instruct contractor carry out the additional hightail it. After done the whole project, the contractor found out was exceeding contract period.2.3.1.3 Client interferenceAccording to Long, et al. (2004) studied the genes client interference that make fors to causes of delays in construction project. Some of the client instruct contractor to carry out additional u rinate without ask architect promise. During the contractor carry out additional produce, some of the work could not progress and it leave be delay immediately. On the other hand, client do not follow the procedure such as did not mention architect issue an architect instruction. Finally it forget affect the whole project delay.2.3.2 Causes of contractor related delayFigure 2.4 Factors of contractor related delay2.3.2.1 Inadequate contractor experienceAbd Majid and McCaffer (1998) studied the figures of inadequate contractor experience as contributor to causes of delays. Long, ET al. (2004) mentioned the factors of inadequate contractor experience that contribute to causes of delays in construction project. Battaineh (2002) identified the factors of inadequate contractor experience as contributors to causes of delays. In construction industry, some of the delay projects are facing a problem during construction period. But at the same time contractor could not solved the problem immediately because of no experience. During the contractor finding method to solve the problem, some of the works solely stop because of that problem. After the problem was solved, those work keeping continue but run out from the schedule. Finally, the whole project pass on influence delay.2.3.2.2 inaccurate time estimateAccording to Long, et al. (2004) identified the factors of inaccurate time estimating that contribute to causes of delays in construction project.? Time estimates are important as inputs into other technique used to manage and structure for all projects. An inaccurate time estimation technique may cause a project delay. For instance, in some delay project, the contractor do not allowed time for some common problem incessantly happen during the construction stage such as breakdown of equipment, miss deliveries by supplies, accidents and emergencies and so on. Because of this problem the actual time leave run out from the estimated. So, the whole project could be facing delay.2.3.2.3 away of cost estimateAccording to Long, et al. (2004) also mentioned that, the factors of inaccurate cost estimating that contribute to causes of delays in construction project. Construction estimating errors can be very expensive and embarrassing. Inaccurate of cost estimate contribute a lot of cause such as wrong cadences from contract drawing, using incorrect units of measure, material improperly priced and the most common mistakes in arithmetic . Sometime contractor because of inaccurate of cost estimate measurement once more for that particular work. Finally, due to re-measurement time some of the work will influence delay and it will also affect whole project to delay.2.3.2.4 Poor site management and supervisionBattaineh (2002) studied that, the factors of poor site management and supervision as contributors to causes of delays. Chan and Kumaraswamy (1996) identified the factors of poor site management and supervision that contribute to causes of delays . In construction industry, some of the project team a lack of management and supervision due team member without any experience and skill such as carry person who are fresh graduate. at one time they facing problem but do not know how to solve it. Besides that, some of the supervisor did not cooperation with their team member due to lack of communicated. Finally, because of cannot solve the problem immediately the whole project influence delay.2.3.3 Causes of Consultant Related DelaysFigure 2.5 Factors of consultant related delays2.3.3.1 Inadequate consultant experienceAccording to Long, et al. (2004) studied the factors of inadequate consultant experience as contributors to causes of delays. In construction industry, they are many consultants carry out their work without experience. Besides that, at that place are many causes of a consultant without experience which include different site conditions, mismanagement and maladministration, site access restrictions, defective plan and/or specification. For instances, some of the architects only concentrated in certain part of building and do not have any experience in other type. Once architect design on that particular type of building without experiences, he will facing a lot of mistake and no ideas during design and because of this architect will delay issue the drawing. Finally, the works cannot process and it will affect the whole project delay.2.3.3.2 Poor design and delay in designAccording to Ogunlana, et al.(1996) mentioned the factors of poor design and delay in design that contribute to causes of delays in construction project. Design is every important to any project, without well design the whole project will influence delay. It is because in a project if facing poor design that will facing demolish and rebuilt again. This problem happens because of the designer lack of experience. For instance, an architect designs a editorial in the middle of classroom. Once the contractor without any experie nce and construct the work exactly shown in the drawing. Finally2.3.3.3 Incomplete drawing and detail designLong, et al. (2004) identified the factors of incomplete drawing and detail design as contributors to causes of delays. Ogunlana, et al. (1996) studied the factors of incomplete drawing and detail design that contribute to causes of delays in construction project. During construction, the contractor is carrying out the work but because of drawing is unclear and none very detail shown in the drawing. He could not continue the work with problem, so the works have to stop immediately until get more detail of that particular drawing from consultant responds. Because of without detail drawing the work could not be progress, so it will affect the tat particular work delay and it will also influence the whole project delay.2.3.4 Causes of labour related delaysFigure 2.6 Factors of labour related delays2.3.4.1 Labour supplyAbd Majid and McCaffer (1998) identified the factors of slow l abor supply that contribute to causes of delays. Odeh and Bataineh (2002) in their research identified the factors of labor supply as contributors to causes of delays. Besides material, the labour also consider as major source in the construction industry. Generally, labour are categories into two groups such as skilled workers and unskilled workers. In construction industry without labour project could not run. For instance, during construction, materials are ready to but no worker carrying out the work. During the same time because of no worker to progress of work, the project will confront project delay.2.3.4.2 Shortage of skilled workerAccording to Chan and Kumaraswamy (1996) mentioned the factor of shortage of skill labor is the most important factor that contributed to causes of delays. Skilled worker is a worker who has some special skill, knowledge and ability in his job and also gets highest fall in such as plasterer, carpenter, painter, and concreter. Those skilled worker s are learning the skills on the job. In construction, some contractors do not hire skilled workers because of higher labour cost and he employs some unskilled workers. At the same time skilled workers do not want get the job from the contractor with lower labour cost. Finally the unskilled workers could not complete the work on time. So, because of shortage of skilled worker affect whole project delay.2.3.4.3 Labor of productivityAccording to Ogunlana, et al. (1996) studied the factor of labor productivity having high influence to causes of delays. Labor of productivity generally define as output per labour hour. There are many factors that influence on the labour productivity. One of the factors is workers experience, labour with high experience and high skills in field leads to high performance at workplace. Besides that, attitude also will affect productivity of labour. For instance, a worker can lay one meter square per hour but because of lazy. Finally he using three hours to finish laid the brick wall. Because of this factor, the progress work delay and it will also influence the whole project delay.2.3.5 Causes of worldly related DelayFigure 2.7 Factors of material related delay2.3.5.1 Shortage of construction materialsKoushki, et al. (2005) mentioned that, factor shortage of construction material that contribute to causes of delays. Ogunlana, et al. (1996) identified the factor of shortage of material as a factor to causes of delay. Chan and Kumaraswamy (1996) studied that factors shortage of material as contributors that contribute to causes of delays. Abd Majid and McCaffer (1998) identified the factor of shortage of material that contribute to causes of delays. Material shortage is a potential source of construction delay. The major causes of material shortage is demand exceed supply. In construction have a lot type of material and the three main courses are cement, formwork and steel bar. Besides that, material is one of the main sources in const ruction industry. It is because without material project cannot construct. If a project facing the material shortage problem will be delay. For instance, a project having shortage ceramic tiles even though the labours ready for tiling. In this situation, the project will facing delay project.2.3.5.2 Late delivery of materialsOgunlana, et al. (1996) identified the factor of late delivery of material as a factor to causes of delay. Abd Majid and McCaffer (1998) studied the factor of late delivery of material that contribute to causes of delays. Late delivery of material as a supplier fault due to high market demand however the long procedure of the purchasing order from head office was complained. In construction, it factor is similar to the material shortage such as the labour ready for work but no material to do their work. Once contractor cannot receive the material on time that will be delay work and it will also affect project delay. For example, workers want to install the windo ws but without frame because of late delivery to site. So, the work will be delay and it will affect project delay.2.3.5.3 Poor musical note of construction materialsKoushki, et al. (2005) mentioned that factor poor quality of material that contribute to causes of delays. Ogunlana, et al. (1996) identified the factor of poor quality of material as a factor to causes of delay. Abd Majid and McCaffer (1998) studied the factor of poor quality of material that contribute to causes of delays. Poor quality of material is construct building with using poor quality of material. The contractor has intention to cheat owner to earn more profit by change the quality of material such as concrete. For instance, a contractor cast a column with using Y 20 steel bar but actual in contract drawing is Y 25. After site staff done the inspection for this column and found that the steel bar inside column is Y 20 and ask contractor demolish the column to rebuild. In this case, time taken to rebuild the c olumn will also affect project delay.2.3.5.4 Escalation of material pricesOgunlana, et al. (1996) identified the factor of escalation of material prices as a factor to causes of delay. Wiguna and Scoot (2005) studied the factor of escalation of material prices was one factor that contribute to causes of delays. Escalation of material prices will cause shortage material in construction. It is because the market rate is keeping increasing. Some of the contractor does not buy the expensive material. During same time, the construction without material cannot run so the project will influence the project delay. For instance, a contractor because of material cost of market demands higher and does not make any order for material until material shortage. Finally, the construction cannot run without material and it will affect delay project also.2.3.6 Causes of Equipment Related DelaysFigure 2.8 Factors of Equipment related delays2.3.6.1 meagre number of equipmentAccording to Ogunlana, et a l. (1998) identified the factors of insufficient numbers of equipment is the most significant factors that contribute to causes of delays. In construction stage, contractors are facing not enough machinery to educate work. It is because some of the contractors do not have a large capital to purchase that machinery due to higher cost. Once the projects carry out with not enough machinery, it will influence whole project delay. For instance, there are two works to be done by using towel crane but in site only one towel crane available. Finally, two of work could not be done at the same time due to not enough towel cranes.2.3.6.2 Frequent equipment breakdownMcCaffer (1998) studied the factors of equipment breakdown as contributors to causes of delays. Ogunlana, et al. (1998) mentioned the factor of frequent equipment breakdown is the most significant factors that contribute to causes of delays. In construction industry, some of the machinery always breakdown due to improper using by w orker such as do not follow the instruction. For instance, machinery only can support for five hundred kilograms of material but during worker using that machinery and his carry out vi hundred kilograms of material. Finally, the machinery will breakdown. Once machinery breakdown, the work will be stop immediately and affect some work delay. Finally, because of machinery breakdown the whole project will also influence delay.2.3.6.3 Shortage of Equipment partAccording to Chan and Kumaraswamy (1996) identified the factor of shortage of equipment parts that contribute to causes of delays. After machinery breakdown, the technical carry out the repair work for the breakdown of equipment. During the same time, some part of machinery none have stock in market. Because of no spare part to repair the machinery, some of the works facing stop progress immediately. Consequently, it will influence whole project to be delay.2.3.7 Causes of Financial Related DelaysFigure 2.9 Factors of Financial related delays2.3.7.1 Clients financial difficultiesAccording to Chan and Kumaraswamy (1996) identified the factors of clients financial difficulties as contributor to causes of delays. During the construction, client will face some financial problem arise from unanticipated emergencies or financial mismanagement such as global financial crisis. Besides that, a client proposes a new development without borrow term loanword or bridging loan from the bank. On the other hand, improper cost planning is a most serious problem for those clients facing in current delay project. For instance, during pre-construction stage a client do not planning cost properly and he will facing a lot of problem in construction stage such as no enough capital to pay contractor retribution. Finally, because of contractor did not receive payment to influence whole project delay.2.3.7.2 Delay payment to suppliers/subcontractorAccording to Abd Majid and McCaffer (1998) mentioned the factors of inadequate fund allocation and delay payment to subcontractor/suppliers as contributor to causes of delays in construction project. Due to sub- contractor do not take their function to done the work on time. The contractor will delay the payment until they complete the job. But at the same time, the sub-contractor refuse to work because of not yet receive payment. As a consequently, the whole project will be influence delay due to sub-contractor refuse to work.2.3.7.3 Contractors financial difficultiesAccording to Ogunlana, et al. (1996) studied the factors of contractors financial difficulties having high influence to causes of delays. Poor financial management has been known as one of the factors why certain project cannot complete within contract period. Because of contractor lack of experience and could not manage their capital properly. On the other hand, because of delay payment by client contractor not enough money to cover up all sub-contractors and suppliers payment. Finally, the sub-con tractor and suppliers refuse to work and supply material to the site and because of this factor the whole will influence delay.2.3.8 Causes of External Related DelaysFigure 2.10 Factors of external related delays2.3.8.1 Weather conditionOdeh and Battaineh (2002) identified the factors of weather condition as contributors to causes of delays. Long, et al. (2004) mentioned factors weather condition as factors ofexternal related delays. AL-Momani (2000) studied the factor of weather condition as contributors to causes of delays in construction project. During the construction period, weather is a factor to influence the whole project delay. It because weather condition that interfere with planned activities. Some activities can process but other cannot. For instances, during the worker cast the ground floor slab, but because of raining that particular work to be delay.2.3.8.2 Slow site clearanceAccording to Long, et al. (2004) identified factors of slow site clearance as factors of ext ernal related delays. During begin of construction stage, the responsibility party should have to carry out their work for site clearance immediately. Without clearance the site construction work cannot process. In some delay project found that, the third party did not take their responsibility to finish the site clearance within the period. Consequently, the whole project delay because of site clearance works delay.2.4 Effect of DelaysAccording to Aibinu and Jagboro (2002) identified the effects of construction delays onproject delivery in Nigerian construction industry. They also said that the six major effects of delays follow by rank which include time intrude on, cost overrun, dispute, arbitration, litigation, and total renunciation as shown in the Table 2.11Effects of DelayRankTime overrun1Cost overrun2Dispute3Arbitration4Litigation5Total Abandonment6Source Aibinu and Jagboro (2002)Table 2.11 The effect of delays2.4.1 Time overrunTime overrun it mean contractor could not ca rry out their work within contract period. In generally, time overrun can be categories into two group which include excusable delays and non-excusable. Once the project facing time overrun, it will affect the progress of work cannot finish on time. Besides that, the fault party will take the responsibility to pay the relevant parties for damages because of delay. For instance, during the project almost completed, but at the same time contractor because of exceptionally implement weather cannot completed the project within contract period. In this situation the contractor entitle to claim extension of time. On the other hand, if that contractor cannot complete the work within contract period due to his own fault. So the contractor no entitle to claim extension of time and he get hold of to pay liquated damages. As declared in Persatuan Arkitek Malaysia form 2006 (PAM form 2006), which certain clauses stating about the damages by employer due to this event. It stated that in clauses below.2.3.1.1 Clause 22.1 Liquidated Damage and Certificate of Non-CompletionIf the contractor fails to complete the works by the Completion Date, and the architect is of the opinion that the same ought reasonably so to have been completed, the architect shall issue a security of Non-completion. Upon the issuance of the certificate of Non-Completion the contractor shall pay or allow to the Employer a sum calculated at the rate stated in the Appendix as Liquidated Damages for the period from the Completion Date to the Date of Practical Completion. The Employer may recover such sum from the Performance Bond. The Employer shall inform the contractor in writing of such certainty or such debt due to from the contractor. The imposition of Liquated Damages by the Employer shall not be taken into account by the Architect in the issuance of payment certificates and Final Certificate, and is not subject to the set-off procedures under clause 30.4 and adjudication.2.3.1.2 Clause 23.1 Submis sion of notice and particulars for extension of timeIf the Contractor is of the opinion that the completion of the Work is or will be delayed beyond the completion Date by any of the Relevant Event stated in Clause 23.8, he may apply for an extension of time provided always that2.3.1.3 Clause 23.8 Relevant EventsExceptionally implement weather2.4.2 Cost overrunDuring construction stages, the client and contractor always facing of cost overrun. Cost overrunis an unexpectedcostincurred in excess of a budgeted amount, due tocost underestimation. Cost overrun is related to time overrun, once a project cannot be done in time, it will also affect the cost of project over budget. Commonly, cost overrun always happen due to contractor own fault such as inaccurate of cost estimate and he need to take responsibility to pay owner loss and expense. For instance, a contractor because of improper cost planning due to cost overrun. Finally, the owner set of his loss and expense from the contractor meanwhile payment.2.4.3 DisputeIn construction industry, some of project delay because of dispute between contractual parties such as client, consultants, contractor and some relevant parties. Those disputes because of client failure make payment to the contractor. Once dispute happen, the relevant parties will go through with mediation. The intermediary will make a decision to solve the problem. But if one of the parties does not accept the decision made by mediator, the parties will appeal the decision with arbitrator. If both parties accept the decision and the fault parties will take responsibility to pay damages for project delay.2.4.4 ArbitrationIn current delay project, some of the contractual parties do not accept the mediator decision and they appeal in arbitration. Arbitrator will also make the decision to solve the problem. But if one of the parties does not accept the decision again made by Arbitrator, they still can appeal the decision in litigation.2.4.5 LitigationI n some delay project, the relevant parties because of still do not accept with the arbitrator decision. They are appeal the result in litigation which is dispute resolution in the courts. In litigation, the parties have a trial either by a court alone or by jury. If those parties are not satisfied judgment again, then they can appeal again if they have any new evidence to proof their right. But one the parties accept with the judgment, the faulty of parties need take responsibility to pay the penalty2.4.6 Total abandonmentTotal abandonment it means the whole project stop immediately because of client facing financial difficulties. Some of the current delay project totally abandoned because of clients or contractor problem which include clients bankruptcy, contractor run away, poor marketing and sales strategies and so on. The effect of project totally abandoned will affect many parties such as contractual parties which include contractor, consultant, sub-contractor, supplier and som e other relevant parties. Besides those parties, the purchasers will also suffer in cost damages due to project abandoned.2.5 Methods of minimizing construction delaysAccording to Nguyen, et al. (2004), studied the factors that can be applied as a method of minimizing of construction delays as follows competent project manager frequent progress meeting accurate initial cost estimates accurate initial time estimates awarding bids to the right/experience consultant and contractor.? During pre-construction stage, a client should employ a depth knowledge project manager to organize a good project team member to progress the work. Besides that, the project team member should be always discussing with the problem having during the site progress. On the other hand, contractor should be employs some employee with experience such as quantity surveyor. So that, during the time or cost estimate they can add on some unforeseen event to avoid the cost and time overrun. Furthermore, the developer should be hire some experience consultant and contractor.iot is because once they facing problem, they can refer precedent project to solve the problem immediately. So, the project can process with smoothly.According to Aibinu and Jagboro (2002), identified two methods to minimize or if possible eliminate time overrun were acceleration of site activities, and contingency allowance.? During construction stages, the contractor should carry out his responsibility to make sure the work progress can complete in time. If found that work progress are not equal to the estimate schedule. The contractor may carry out with acceleration such as hire additional worker. Besides that, the client may allow contractor standby some extra cost for unforeseen event such as accidents.According to Koushki, et al. (2005), revealed that the minimization of time delays and cost overruns would require ensure adequate and available source of finance until project completion ensure timely delivery of materia ls.? During pre-construction, a client may prepare a good cash flow within the contract period. Once the client does not enough money to cover up construction cost, he can borrow a term loan or bridging loan from the bank to cover the cost until the whole project completed. It will avoid project delay due to client not enough capital. Besides that, the contractors make sure that material are order with a reliable suppliers and can receive it on time.Accorice beer Review Lipskys Notion of alley-Level bureaucratismMunro Review Lipskys Notion of Street-Level BureaucracyThe Munro Review Lipskys Notion of Street-Level Bureaucracy put in practiceCharlotte BindelsIntroductionBefore an examination of the work conducted by tender workers who are responsible for child custodial services within the UK can take place, it is crucial to define the concept of Street-Level Bureaucracy (SLB). What does it exactly entail and who are street-level bureaucrats? Can we safely assume that social worker s parallel the characteristics of street-level bureaucrats or is this assumption a false one? hearty workers, in general, face enormous pressure from within the confederacy to perform well. There is a lot at stake and the well-being of individuals needs to be protected. Thus, how could a government quantify government impact on citizens? Many scholars are still puzzled by this question as it poses many discussions. Michael Lipsky, a North American scholar, combined this discussion in his work on Street-Level Bureaucracy. In his book, Street-Level Bureaucracy Dilemmas of the Individual in Public Services he introduced the abovementioned term while gaining widespread recognition.The concept is universal as the dilemmas and constraints faced by professionals operating at the street-level include various problems and challenges. But are these problems also compatible to the social workers within the child security measures services in the United estate?The aim of the piece is to s ee whether social workers of child protective services in the United Kingdom show a analogy to the notion of the Street-Level Bureaucracy good example as put forward by Lipsky. This psychoanalysis will include the Final Report of The Munro Review of baby Protection as this report covers the tributes to improve upon the child-centred system and is the prime sources for this report. Another main source describes the framework of Street-Level Bureaucracy introduced in Lipskys book Street-Level Bureaucracy Dilemmas of the individual in public services. Moreover, other concepts need to be examined as well, in order to analyze the possible relationship between social workers and street-level bureaucrats.Finally, this paper will interpret whether the relationship between social workers as described in the Munro report and the SLB framework of Lipsky appears compatible or not.Conceptual manikinFirst and foremost, an examination is needed of the theoretical framework used by Lipsky for his book on Street-Level Bureaucracy Dilemmas of the Individual in Public Services primarily published in 1980. He presents a framework that allows for comprehension of the role of public service workers when it comes to policy implementation. He argues that teachers, social workers, and judges etc. stimulate the essence of street-level bureaucrats. Additionally, he acknowledges that his book draws upon observations underlining bodied behavior of public service organizations. Moreover, in his book he captures the impressiveness of locating the problems street-level bureaucrats face while doing their jobs. By analyzing Street-Level Bureaucracy it becomes more evident to identify commonalities and deficiencies between different operational surroundings. (Lipsky, 1980)Firstly, the term Street-Level Bureaucracy needs to be defined in order to catch the aim of this paper. Lipsky (1980) published his book on Street-Level Bureaucracy in 1980 providing a profound study of the influenc e of public service workers on public policy, the alleged(prenominal) street-level bureaucrats. The challenge, he stresses, is to find a balance between executing their jobs with considerable tact while also serving as policy decision-makers. Examples of street-level bureaucrats typically include workers who interact right away with citizens while carrying out their jobs. Lipsky sums up teachers, judges and police officers to illustrate his point. However, for the purpose of this paper the focus will revolve around social workers as Lipsky also defines them as street-level bureaucrats. Hence, social workers must be viewed as policy shapers, not only as those who simply implement a policy.Lipsky (1980) writes that there are two ways to interpret the term of street-level bureaucrats. On the one hand, he portrays them as being equal to public services, thus highlighting that this is how citizens interact. On the other hand, as originally intended by Lipsky, street-level bureaucrats o nly interact with citizens during the course of their jobs while simultaneously exercising discretion.Another relevant concept to incorporate is the notion of social workers, as this paper also examines the Munro Review. While this may seem obsolete it is vital to understand the characteristics of these workers. More specifically, the social workers bear on with child protection in the UK. Can they be perceived as street-level bureaucrats? The definition of social work underwent many changes throughout the years. Globalization needs to be reckoned with as social workers nowadays face many challenges to practice their knowledge in a complex world. The core definition of social work reads as follows, Hare (2004)The social work profession promotes social change, problem-solving in human relationships, and the empowerment and liberation of people to enhance wellbeing. Utilizing theories of human behavior and social systems, social work intervenes at the points where people interact wit h their environss. Principles of human rights and social justice are fundamental to social work.prudence, another concept used extensively by Lipsky also needs to be explored. Lipsky (1980) regards discretion as beneficial to the policy process as it enhances policy at the grass roots level. The Oxford dictionary defines discretion as Thefreedomtodecidewhat should be done in aparticularsituation (Oxford online dictionary, n.d). Carrington (2005) describes discretion as a part of the decision-making process which will lead an individual to act or not to act. Moreover, he adds that these decision-makers have the freedom to decide on an action or non-action. According to Lipsky (1980) the use of discretion is critical as street-level bureaucrats communicate with citizens every day. However, this is not an easy task as dilemmas occur more frequently making the work of individuals within the public service complex. According to Lipsky (1980), social workers are cadaverous to the publi c service since they feel the need to help others. The continuation of discretion has both opponents and proponents. Proponents, such as Ellis et al. (1999), see discretion as support to modify up the gaps in public policy. Opponents, however, such as Baldwin view discretion as undermining official public policy (Baldwin, 1998). Thus, discretion can be viewed in different ways.The concept of discretion is highlighted by Lipsky as the characteristics of street-level bureaucrats involve high levels of discretion as well as continuous interaction with citizens. The constraints and dilemmas faced by SLBs include insufficient resources available to the workers and in order to meet the supply demands for services increase. Furthermore, the goals set out by agencies are rather ambiguous and the measurement of performance achievement turns out to be impossible to measure. In addition, clients tend to be mostly non-voluntary. (Lipsky, 1980, p.27)Case DescriptionIn the Munro Review of tike Protection (Munro, 2011), recommendations are set out to improve upon, aiming to reform the child protection system within the United Kingdom. These recommendations are designed to eliminate the over-bureaucratization and the need for compliance and a shift towards more focus on children, hereby exploring issues and assessing the effectiveness of the received aid.The report sums up a total of fifteen recommendations, each of those belonging to a particular subject (Munro, 2011). However, for the purpose of this paper I will only examine those that are set out in chapters three, six and seven, providing three recommendations that comply with the theoretical framework of SLB by Lipsky (1980), highlighting the effect of these propositions on the work of the child protection services.Chapter three A system that value professional expertise symbolizes the difficulties in identifying the constraints faced by social workers and their managers. Many experience that the practice puts a heavy emphasis on compliance with management criteria and guidance. Consequently, they fail to follow the effectiveness of helping children. The recommendations value a clearer focus and a revision of the guidance. Chapter six Developing social work expertise argues that an increase in expertise of employers and individuals will positively influence the relationship with children. Chapter seven The organizational context supporting effective social work practice addresses the vastness of continuous reviewing (Munro, 2011).In the upcoming section I will describe the three recommendations before returning to this issue in relation to Lipskys Street Level Bureaucracy in the analysis.First, recommendation thirteen originating from chapter seven revolves around the organizational context. More specifically, it suggests that ongoing reviewing and redesigning are significant factors in the successful surgery of the child protection services in the UK. Additionally, the effectiveness of the ser vice will increase and thus affect the social conditions of children and families (Munro, 2011).Secondly, emerging from chapter six of the Munro review, recommendation twelve considers the notion of the cooperation between the so-called HEIs, higher education institutions, and companies. The aim of this recommendation in question is to prepare upcoming social workers for their future careers within the tike Protection Services. This cooperation will thus lead to better practice placements and the application for particular teaching organization status. Furthermore, these high quality placements will determine the relationship between HEIs and employers (Munro, 2011).Third and last(a)ly, recommendation four as set out in chapter three focuses on the collection of information by local anesthetic authorities and their partners. A combination of information collected by both actors will have positive effects on the subsequent evaluations of performances (Munro, 2011).AnalysisIt is of importance to see whether these recommendations, as discussed above, show any resemblance or a conflict to the Framework of Street-Level Bureaucracy as set out by Lipsky. In the Munro Review it is clearly stated that the recommendations are not to be considered as separate entities, but rather reviewed as a whole (Munro, 2011, p.10). Therefore, the analysis will seek to address the aforementioned recommendations four, twelve and thirteen accordingly. A comparison will be made between the dilemmas social workers in the UK face and those of the street-level bureaucrats are they reconcilable or conflicting? Moreover, do these three suggestions contribute to solving the dilemmas street-level bureaucrats face on a daily basis?Judging from the brain of Street-Level Bureaucracy, the recommendations posed for social workers within child protection services in the Munro Review comply with the framework initiated by Lipsky (1980).When trying to assess the work by Lipsky on SLB and the Munro report it seems as though both of them share the same problems and dilemmas. The problems and challenges faced by street-level bureaucrats and social workers seem to overlap one another rather than contradict. One clear example revolves around the lack of resources when carrying out jobs in child protection services as mentioned in the final report by Munro. The exact same applies to the street-level workers as Lipsky dedicates a whole chapter to the problem of resources in his book on Street-Level Bureaucracy (Lipsky, 1980), also described in the conceptual framework. The reconciliation of both seems to live up in general, however, is this still the case when analyzing the separate recommendations?The Munro review, as discussed in chapter three (recommendation four) aspires a more professional perspective when it comes to the child-centred system in order to preserve a clear focus on the effectiveness of helping children. Recommendation four promotes a more bottom up approach when it comes to implementing the suggestions set out by the Munro report. A combination is needed of locally- as well as across the country collected information to accomplish the goals mentioned in the recommendation. This indicates that a level of professionalism is required at the lower levels, or as Lipsky puts it, at the street-level as it will warranty a focus of all parties involved. Lipsky argues that the limits on bureaucracy contribute to the debate that street-level bureaucrats are in fact professionals. This professionalization starts with the social worker who feels the need to act when control cannot be imposed from the outside (higher level). Some form of self-monitoring replaces the control exercised by top-level managers, underlining the fact that street-level bureaucrats exercise autonomy. (Lipsky, 1980, p.201) It becomes evident that the suggestion as described above parallels Lipskys way of thinking.Recommendation twelve applauds cooperation between HEIs and social work students to enhance preparation for entering the real world of the child protection services. This demonstrates a compatibility with Lipskys foundation of Street-Level Bureaucracy. When addressing the sustainment of SLB and leadership, Lipsky mentions that in the future a New Street-Level Bureaucracy needs to be developed with particular attention to teaching and practice. The new street-level bureaucrat acknowledges the value of teaching as well as the practice involved in public services. According to Lipsky (1980, p.209)Some of their teaching ought to be done not in universities but in the field, where there is opportunity for constant confrontation with the realities of practice.Finally, recommendation thirteen stresses the importance of continuous reviewing and redesigning. The aforementioned suggestion described the New Street-Level Bureaucracy as a future for SLB. Lipsky also acknowledges that, in order to innovate, the development of inquiry and criticism should be kept in place. He also emphasizes that these processes are of an ongoing nature to promote continuous review moments. Both the Munro Review (Munro, 2011) and Lipksy state that these moments of review share a collective approach for improving the performance of street-level bureaucrats and Munros social workers (Lipsky, 1980, p. 209).Recommendation thirteen appears most feasible from the perspective of the street-level bureaucrat as they illustrate that fixity interaction between themselves and citizens is crucial, hereby combatting a problem faced by many street-level bureaucrats. Both recommendations four and twelve are also feasible but not in the short-term.Judging from the above, the recommendations as put forward by Munro (2011) appear compatible with the conceptualization of Lipsky (1980). However, does this hold true for all recommendations? A brief check of the recommendations illustrates that some divergence is virtually nonexistent, as the ideas of the suggestions can be reco nciled with Lipskys argumentation concerning Street-Level Bureaucracy.ConclusionStreet-Level Bureaucracy as introduced by Lipsky in the 1980s sheds an interesting light on the involvement of these bureaucrats on policy implementation and their influence. In the final report of the Munro Review of Child Protection a total of fifteen recommendations are presented in order to increase the effectiveness of the child-centred system. Essential are the social workers executing their duties in an over-bureaucratized environment according to Professor Eileen Munro. The need for more involvement and management at the front line might show a resemblance to Lipskys SLB Framework at first sight. However, the need to examine this more closely is the aim of the paper. Do social workers of child protective services in the United Kingdom show a resemblance to the Street-Level Bureaucracy Framework as coined by Lipsky or not? In other words, are they in conflict or compatible?While it might seem the case that they are compatible at the first glance, the three recommendations chosen from the Munro Review should display the same in order to demonstrate this resemblance. It is evident from the analysis that the three separate recommendations present a relationship between the social workers in child protective services and the framework of SLB by Lipsky. Especially recommendations twelve and thirteen are mentioned precisely by Lipsky as well when examining his book. Hence, the outcome is therefore simple as the relationship is apparent.As a result, the recommendations appear feasible from the perspective of SLB. In particular recommendation thirteen because continuous reviewing is something that can be applied directly generating results in the short-term.BibliographyBaldwin, M. (1998). The positive use of discretion in social work practice Developingpractice through co-operative inquiry. Issues in Social Work Education. Volume 18 Issue 2. Pp. 42-8.Carrington, K. (2005). Is There A Need for Control?. Public Administration Quarterly. Volume 29 Issue 1. Pp.140161.Department for Education. (2011). The Munro review of child protection final report. Retrieved from https//www.education.gov.uk.Ellis, K., Davis, A. and Rummery, K. (1999). Needs assessment, street-level bureaucracy and the new community care. Social Policy and Administration. Volume 33 Issue 3. Pp. 262-80.Evans, T.,Harris,J. (2004). Street-Level Bureaucracy, Social Work and the (Exaggerated) Death of Discretion. The British Journal of Social Work. Volume 34 Issue 6. Pp.871- 895. Oxford University PressHare, I. (2004). Defining social work for the 21st century The International Federation of Social Workers. International Social Work. Volume 47 Issue 3. Pp.407.Lipsky, M. (1980). Street-Level Bureaucracy Dilemmas of the individual in public services. New York, NY Russell Sage Foundation.Oxford Learners Dictionary (n.d.). Oxford Learners Dictionary. Retrieved May 12, 2015, from http//www.oxfordlearnersd ictionaries.com/definition/english/discretion.